path block 2

epithelium tissue cancer

mesenchyme tissue cancer (malignant)

dysplasia is reversible on removal of stimulus

(dysplasia has abnormal looking cells with weird nuclei and bigger cells on top)

pleomorphism

hyperchromatism

change in organization

increased mitosis

fibroma

chondroma

lipoma and leiomyoma

adenoma=glandular epithelium benign tumor

renal adenoma

adenoma+cyst=cystadenoma

mucinous cystademona and serous adenoma

benign epithelial surface neoplasm that has finger-like/warty projections

club shaped benign epithelial neoplastic projection arising from glandular or tubular epithelium

looks like strawberry on a stick

melanoma

lymphoma

seminoma

hepatoma

nephroblastoma

1. suffix = carcinoma

2. origin of epithelium (squamous, glandulor or transitional)

• 3. gross appearance:
• -papillary (fingerlike projections)
• -medullary (soft n necrotic tumor)
• -scirrhous (hard textured with gritty cut surface due to high collagen)
• -mucinous (tumor producing mucus)

should have at least one of following:

keratin/keratin pearls (keratin stains orange-red)

desmosomes (intracellular bridges/gaps)

tonofilaments (keratin intermediate filaments (tubule like bundle))

glands with lumen and/or mucin (stains with muciarmine)

renal pevis, ureter and bladder (from pelvis to bladder)

prefix denoting tissue of origin then sarcoma

• osteosarcoma (bone)
• liposarcoma (adipose tissue)
• leiomyosarcoma (smooth muscle)
• rhabdomyosarcoma (striated muscle (desmin +)-vagina/penis of little kids)
• chondrosarcoma (cartillage)

1. whether tissue composed of ONE parenchymal cell type (mesenchymal or epithelial)

2. composed of more than one parenchymal cell type but derived from one SINGLE germ layer

3. composed of more than one parenchymal cell type but derived from MULTIPLE germ layers

arise from neural crest and neural ectoderm derivatives

contain desnse neurosecretory granules on EM

S100 antigen positive

made of more than 1 parenchymal cell type but one germ layer

• ex: salivary glands
• -->benign = pleomorphic adenoma
• -->malignant= malignant mixed tumor of salivary gland

composed of more than 1 parencyhmal cell type and multiple germ layers

tissue of origin is totipotent cells (gonads)

• benign=mature cystic teratoma (aka dermoid cyst)
• malignant=immature teratoma (aka teratocarcinoma)

non-neoplastic tumor-like lesion composed of mass of disorganized but mature tissue in a particulat site (where normally found)

-it is present since birth and frows with individual and is result from aberrant differentiation

-pulomary hamartoma= coin lesion

non-neoplastic normal tissue in a FOREIGN location

i.e. pancreatic tissue in stomach wall

• 1. differentiation and anaplasia
• Differentiation=extent that tumor cells resemble normal cells (benign=close resemblance)

• Anaplasia=lack of differentiation
• -nuclear/cellular pleomorphism
• -hyperchromatic (dark staining) and larger nucleus
• -abundant and atypical mitosis*
• -loss of tissue architecture and function*

2. Rate of growth: benign is slower and malignant is faster, more agressive with abnormal mitotic figures

3. Local invasion: benign don't invade/infiltrate (they tend to form capsule) while malignant are invasive/infiltrate

4. Metastasis: all malignant tumors (except basal cell carcinoma n brain tumors-gliomas) have capacity to metastasize while benign do not spread

• 1. Lymphatic Spread=most common way for initial spread (less for sarcoma)
• -->exceptions=follicular carcinoma, renal cell carcinoma and hepatocellular carcinoma as they are close to veins
• -->regional LN r first line of defense against spread and act as barriers then empty into blood vessels
• -->involved LN are enlarged, nontender and hard in consistency when infiltrated

• 2. Hematogenous Spread=usual method of sarcoma dissemination and involve veins
• -->cells entering portal vein metastasize to liver
• -->cells entering IVC/SVC metastasize to lungs

• 3. Seeding of Body Cavities=malignant cells implant and invade tissue in body cavity
• -->peritoeal cavity (MC site: ovarian, GI, rectal and pancreatic cancers)
• -->pleural cavity (primary/metastatic lung cancers)
• -->subarchnoid space (glioblastoma multiforme)