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Development is Defined as:
systemic continuties and changes in the individual from conception to death
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Causes of development are:
- Maturation : Biological development
- Learning: when our experiences produce changes
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The domains of development are:
- Cognitive
- Physical
- Emotional and Social
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The defining themes in development include:
- Source ( Nature/ Nurture)
- Continuity ( Continuous/ Discontinuous)
- Stability/Plasticity (Fixed/ Modifiable)
- Role of indiciduals (Active/ Passive)
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Four developmental prespectives include:
- Biological
- Environmental
- Active adaptation
- Cultural contextualism
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Biological determinism states that:
Key theorist is:
- develipment is stimulated and rooted in our genetic code ( nature. discontinuous and it is a passive fixed process)
- Freud
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Environmental shaping:
Theorist:
- Development is stimulated only by environment (nurture, continuous, modifiable and passive)
- Watson learning theory
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Active Adaptation:
Theorist:
- Individual is an active agent ( nature and nurture, discontinuous, modifiable and active)
- Piaget
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Cultural contextualism:
Theorist:
- development is socially motivated. ( nurture,continiuous, modifiable and active)
- Vygotsky
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Theroy:
orderly intefrated evidance based set of statements that describes, explains and predicts behavior.
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The three parts of personality as Freud suggest are:
- Id (largets portion of mind, unconscious, present at birth)
- Ego (conscious, rational part of mind, emerges in early infancy)
- Superego(tje cpmscoemce. develops from ages 3-6)
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what are Freud's psychosexual stages:
- Oral
- Anal
- Phallic
- Latency
- Genital
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What are Erikson's psychosocial stages:
- Basic trust vs. mistrust
- Autonomy vs. shame
- Initiative vs. guilt
- Industry vs. inferiority
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Classical conditioning:
stimulus-response
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Operant conditioning:
Reinforce and punishment
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Social learning:
Modeling
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Piaget's stages of cognetive development:
- sensorimotor (acting on the world by using mouth , ears, eyes)
- preoperational (lack of logic, however development of language and make believe play)
- concrete operational (organizing classes and subclasses)
- formal operational (capacity of abstract thinking)
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Ethology:
- concerned with the adaptive or survival value of behavior and its evolutionary history. critical period which is a limited time during which the child is biologically prepared to acuire certain adaptive behaviors.
- sensetive period: time that is optimal for certain capacities to emarge
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The ecological system theory of Bronferbrenner:
- Microsystem
- Mesosystem
- Exosystem
- Macrosystem
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What are some ways that development can be measured:
- self report
- observation
- case study
- ethnography
- psychophysiological method
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Systemic observation includes:
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How the data is collected for systemic observation:
- Event sampling: recording all instances of a particular behavior during specific time.
- Time sampling: record if behavior occurs during a sample of short time intervals.
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Psychosocial method of gathering data:
measures autonomic nervous system ( EEG, ERPs...)
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Reliability:
consistency and repeatability of a measure. ( test-retest, inter-rater)
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Validity:
- are we measuring what we said we are going to measure
- internal validity( study conditions)
- external validity ( generalizability)
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