psychology chapter 10

• the branch of psychology concerened with interaction between physical
• and psychological processes and with stages of growth from conception
• throught the entire life span.

research effort designed to describe what is a characteristic of a specific age or developmental age

the chronological age at which most children show a particular level of phsycial or mental development

a research design in which the same participants are observed repeatedly, sometimes over many years

a research method in which groups of participants of different chronological ages are observed and compared at a given time

the bodily changes, maturation, and growth that occur in an organist starting with conception and continuing accross the life span

the single cell that results when sperm fertilizes an egg

the first two weeks of prenatal development following conception

the second stage of prenatal development, lasting from the thrird through eight weeks after conception

the third stage of prenatal development, lasting from the ninth week through birth of the child

environmental factors such as diseases and drugs that cause structural abnormalities in a developing fetus

the continuing influence of heredity throughout development, the age related physical and behavioral changes characteristic of a species

the process through which sexual maturity is attained

the onset of mentstration

the development of processes of knowing, including imagining, perceiving, reasoning, and problem solving.

Piaget's term for a cognitive structure that develops as infants and young children learn to interpret the world and adapt to their environment

according to piages, the process whereby new cognitive elemtns are fitted in with old elements or modified to fit more easily; this process works in tandem with accomodation

according to piaget, the process of restructuring or modifying cognitive structures so that new information can fit into them more easily; this process works in tandem with assimilation

the recognition that objects exist independently of an individuals action or awareness; an important cognitive acquisition of infancy

in cognitive development, the inability of a young child at the preoperational stage to take the perspective of another person

preoperational children's tendency to focus their attention on only one aspect of a situation and disregard other relevant aspects

framework for initial understanding formulated by children to explain their experiences of the world

according to vygotsky, the process of through which children absorb knowledge from the social context

expertise in the fundamental pragmatics of life

minimal unit of speec in any given language that makes a meaningful difference in speech and production and reception; r and are two distinct phonemes in english but variations of one in japanese

a form of speech addressed to infants that includes slower speed, distinctive intonation, and structural simplifications

a form of speech addressed to children that includes slower speed, distinctive intonationm, and structural simplifications

the innate guidelines or operating principles that children bring to the tast of learning a language

a grammatical error, usually appearing during early language development, in which rules of the language are appliedc too widely, resulting in incorrect linguistic forms.

the ways in which individuals' social interactions and exectations change accross the life span

proposed by erik erikson, one of the successive developmental stages that focus on an individuals's orientation toward the self and others; these stages incorporate both the sexual and social aspects of a person's developmental and the social conflicts that arise from the interaction between the individual and the social environment

the lifelong process whereby an individual's behavioral patterns, values, standards, skills, attitudes, and motives are shaped to conform to those regarded as desirable in a particular society

a child's biologically based level of emotional and behavioral response to environmental events

emotional relationshnip between a child and the regular caregiver

a primitive form of learning in which some infant animals physically follow and form an attachment to the first moving object they see and/or hear

the manner in which parents rear their children; an authoritative parenting style, which balances demangdingness and responsiveness, is seena as the most effective

comfort derived from an infant's physical contact with the mother or caregiver

the capacity to make a full commitment--sexual, emotional and moral to another person

a commitment beyond one's self and one's partner to family, work, society, and future generations; typically, a crucial state in development in one's 30s and 40s

one of the biologically based characteristics that distinguish males from females

a psychological phenomenon that refers to learned sex-related behavior and attitude of males and females

one's sense of maleness or femaleness; usually includes awsareness and acceptance of one's biologial sex

belief about attributes and behaviors regarded as appropriate for males and females in a particular culture

a system of beliefs and values that ensures that individuals will keep their obligations to others in society and will behave in ways that do not interfere with the rights and interests of others

a strategy for successful aging in which one makes the most gains while minimizing the impact of losses that accompany normal aging