-
Lymph has almost the same composition as
Interstitial fluid
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What percent of the blood leaks out and ends up as lympth
Ten percent
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What are the two locations that lympth drains back into the veins
Left lymphatic duct (Thoracic duct) and right lymphatic duct
-
The lymphatic system transports
Infection fighting cells called lymphocytes
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What is a secondary job of the lymphatic system
Transport fats from small intestine to the blood
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What are the four primary functions of blood
- Transport CO2 and O2
- Stabilize PH
- Regulate temperature
- Deliver white blood cells
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A blood draw will produce plasma if
Anti coagulants are added retaining the fibrinogen
-
Methylene blue has what charge
Positive charge and is therefore a basic dye
-
What are some of the negatively charged elements of a cell that stain with an basophilic dye
DNA, RNA, and specific granules of basophils
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Eosin is what type of dye, and turns what structures, what color
Acidophilic and turns hemoglobin, and specific granules of eosinophils pink
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What hormone secreted mainly by the kidneys and liver adjusts the RBC production to meet O2 demand
Erythropoietin
-
Anisocytosis means
The red blood cells are unequal in size, is the cause of many anemias
-
Red blood cells are about the same size as a
Normal nuclei of a cell
-
What is the lifespan of a red blood cell
120 days
-
95% of a red blood cells content is made up of
Hemoglobin (makes them red)
-
The RBC membrane has integral membrane proteins with what two families
- Glycophorins
- Band 3 proteins
-
The carbohydrate groups on the glyophorins and band 3 proteins determine
The blood type of the cell
-
Band 3 protein transports what
Ions such as bicarbonate out of the RBC
-
What is hereditary spherocytosis
It is when there is a defect in the spectrin or ankyrin of a red blood cell leading to an abnormal shape of the cells making them fragile
-
What are the clinical effects of anemia
- Weakness
- Pallor
- Breathlessness
- All due to decrease hemoglobiin
-
Sickle cell disease is caused by
A single point mutation in the gene that encodes for Beta chain of hemoglobin A
-
Clinical manifestations of sickle cell anemia include
Obstruction of blood vessels, and therefore severe O2 shortage to tissues
-
White blood cells do not function where
In the blood, but in tissues
-
WBC's are a normal component of
Connective tissue
-
What are considered the agranulocytes
Lymphocytes and monocytes
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What are some of the substances found in the granules of platelets
- Factor four which stimulates blood coagulation
- von Wildebrand factor which promotes adhesion of platelets to endothelial cells
-
Aggregated platelets secrete what chemicals to stimulate the invasion of fibroblasts from surrounding tissue to form a scar for repair
- Platelet derived growth factor (PDGF)
- Transforming Growth Factor Beta (TGF)
-
What is thrombosis
Clotting within a blood vessel that may cause infarction of tissue
-
What white blood cells fall under the category of Granulocytes
- BEN
- Neutrophils
- Eosinophils
- Basophils
-
All granulocytes are non-dividing and therefore
Have a short life span of a few days
-
What are the most abundant white blood cells
Neutrophils
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What is the characteristic shape and features of a neutrophil
- They are multi-lobed (3-5) connected by chromatin strands
- In females the nucleus has a drumstick (contains Barr body)
- Small Golgi Complex
- Few mitochondria
-
What are among some of the first cells to migrate to a bacterial infection
Neutrophils, they are the main ingredient to pus
-
Neutrophils phagosize cells that are
Opsinized
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What are the two different granules in Neurtophils
- Azurophilic (primary)
- Specific granules (secondary)
-
What is the lifespan of a neutrophil
In the blood they have a half life of 6-7 hours, in connective tissue1-4 days
-
What is a myeloperoxidase
They are what generate the highly reactive bacterial hypochlorite and chloramines
-
Azurophilic granules are found in what cells, and perform what function
All WBC's, they contain lysosomes that generate highly reactive hypochlorite and chloramines
-
What is the difference in the amount of Neutrophils in an individual at birth and and adult
High count at birth (9000-30,000), much lower n adults
-
Until what age are lymphocytes more prevelant then neutrophils
Age 8
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Specific granules in neutrophils are the smallest and contain
Enzymes and antimicrobic agents like lysozyme and lactoferrin
-
After a neutrophil undergoes phagocytosis the specific granules
Fuse first with the phagosome, and then azurophilic granules fuse with the phagosome and forms superoxide and hydrogen peroxide to kill the foreigner
-
How do neutrophils generate most of their ATP
Glycolysis, therefore they have very little mitochondria
-
The neutrophils have the ability to survive in
Poorly oxygenated regions
-
One of the unique features of neutrophils during their phagocytosis is
Their creation of hyperchlorite ions that are similar to bleach. This denatures the proteins and membranes of micro organisms and kills them (Neutropil Oxidative Burst)
-
Chronic Granulomatous Disease (CGD) is
When the phagocytes are not able to kill the organisms consumed because of their lack superoxides
-
What is a Granuloma
One of the forms of nodular inflammation in tissue
-
NETs are
Neutrophil Extracellular Traps, Neurtophils release nets that breakdown and kills bacteria. They depend on NADPH oxidase. They continue to work after their death.
-
It has been discovered that NETs kill more
Then neutrophil phagocytosis
-
Eosinophils have the physical characteristics of
- Bilobed nucleus
- Round with salmon pink colored specific granules
-
Eosinophils function in the degradation of
- Parasitic infections
- Phogocytosis of antigen-antibody complexes
-
Specific granules of eosinophils are used for
Killing parasites, they also contain azurophilic granules
-
Internum is a
Highly basic protein in eosinophils that "gum up", and denaturing proteins on the plasma membrane of other cells
-
When there is an increase of Eosinophils in the blood stream there is most likely
A parasitic infection or an allergic reaction
-
All of the parasites are what type of cell
Eukaryotes, therefore antibiotics don't affect them
-
Parasites are to large for Eosinophils to consume, so their approach for killing them is
Attach to their surface and extrude the contents of their granules into the extracellular space. They also release the major basic protein to attack them
-
Why is there a negative charge on the outside of cells
Because of the negative charge of carbohydrates attached to it
-
Trichiuruis suis is
A pig whip worm administered to people with crohns disease to help alleviate the immune system attacking itself
-
Basophils have the characteristic shape of
- Round cells
- S shaped nucleus
- Lots of granules that are blue or black
- They have several surface receptors for IgE
-
The specific granules of basophils contain
Heparin and Histamine
-
During infection what cell proliferates dramatically
Basophils
-
Basophils are important in what reactions
-
What do basophils release
- Histamine
- Heparin
- Prostaglandins
- Leukotrienes
- Serotonin
- All increase blood flow to the region of infection
-
Basophils play an important part in what reactions
Anaphylactic response
-
What two white blood cells are the most difficult to tell apart and how do you tell the difference
- Basophils and Mast cells
- Basophils are located only in the blood, Mast cells can be found in connective tissue
-
The second most common white blood cell is
Lymphocytes
-
What are the physical characteristics of lymphocytes
- They are larger then RBC's
- Slightly Indented large round nucleus
- Round cell
- No specific granules
-
What are the three functional categories of lymphocytes
- B cells
- T cells
- Null Cells (natural killers)
-
What is the lifespan of a Lymphocyte
From a few days to years
-
Lymphocytes are devoid of
Specific granules
-
Lymphocytes are the only type of leukocyte that
Returns from tissues back to the blood
-
What are the largest of the circulating blood cells
Monocytes
-
Monocytes are characteristically
- Very large
- Kidney shaped nucleus
- White patches
- No specific granules
-
Monocytes destroy cells via
- Phagocytosis
- Important in immune response in that they eat antigens and foreign particles
-
What are the precursur cells to macrophages
Monocytes
-
What is the job of platelets
To prevent excessive internal or external bleeding after injury
-
What do platelets contain
- Mitochondria
- Lysosomes
- ER
- Golgi
- Extensive Cytoskeleton
- Three types of granules
- No nucleus
-
What role do actin and myosin have in blood clotting
They make the clot smaller after it forms to prevent clogging of the vessel
-
What are considered the fixed cells
- Macrophages
- Mast cells
- Adipose
- Pericytes
- Fibroblasts
-
What are considered the Transient cells
- Plasma
- Lymphocytes
- Neutrophils
- Basophils
- Monocytes
- Macrophages
- Eosinophils
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