Lungs/Respiratory

_____is the process of moving gases in and out of the lungs by inspiration and expiration

________is the process by which oxygen and carbon dioxide move from areas of high concentration to areas of lower concentration

The mediastinum is positioned in the middle of the chest and within it lie:

The lungs are contained withing the pleural cavities which are lined with what two types of serous membranes:

The chest wall and diaphram are protected by the ________ pleura and the lungs are protected by the ______ pleura

Each lung extends anteriorly about _______ above the first rib into the base of the neck in adults

Posteriorly, the lungs' apices rise to about the level of _______ whereas the lower borders, on deep inspiration, expand down to about _______ and, on expiration, rise to about ______.

The adult sternum is about _____" long and has three components:

The intercostal space is named according to what?

The ______ and _______ are the PRiMARY muscles of inspiration

During inspiration the diaphragm contracts and pushes the abdominal contents _______ while the ICM help to push the chest wall _______

The effort of inspiration ________the intrathoracic pressure, which creates a negative pressure w/in the lungs compared w/the pressure outside the lungs, hence causing the lungs to fill with air.

Name the accessory muscles that may contibute to respiratory effort:
(8)

Nose, pharynx, larynx & intrathoracic trachea much up the upper airway which has three functions which are:

The trachea splits into a left and right main stem bronchus at about teh level of T? and T?

The depression at the ventral aspect of the neck, just above the manubrium

The junction between the manubrium and sternum: useful for rib identification

Imaginary verticle line throught he middle of the sternum

intersection of the costal margins, usually no more than 90 degrees

these bones cover the first ribs and extend out both sides of the nanubrium to the shoulder

imaginary vertical lines on the right & left sides fo the chest that are "drawn" through the clavicle midpoints, parallel to the midsternal line

imaginary verticle lines on the right and left sides of the chest "drawn" from anterior axillary folds through the anterolateral chest, parallel to the midsternal line

imaginary vertical lines on the right & left sides of the chest "drawn" from the posterior axillary folds along the posterolateral thoracic wall w/abducted lateral arm

imaginary vertical lines on the right and left sides of the chest "drawn" from axillary apices; midway between and parallel to the anterior and posterior axillary lines

Spinous process of C7; visible and palpable with the head bent forward

imaginary vertical line "drawn" along the posterior vertebral spinous processes

imaginary vertical lines on the right and left sides of the chest "drawn" parallel to the midspinal line; they pass through inferior angles of the scapulae in the upright client with arms at sides

Risk factors for lung cancer:

White or clear sputum may occur with:

A bacterial infection may procuduce what color sputum?

Patient is producing black sputum. This color sputum may be associated with:

This color sputum may occur with tuberculosis or pneumococcal pneumonia

________ is the expectoration of sputum containing blood

Describe different variations of the consistency of putum:

Pink, frothy sputum with dyspnea is associated with __________________

Thick sputum is commonly associated with _____________

Foul-smelling sputum called ________ is typically associated with what issues?

a cough associated with a fever, shortness of breath, and noisy reath sounds may be indicative of:

tightness of the chest associated with shortness of breath and a nonproductive cough is more likely to be associated with a problem such as:

normally, a person can say ____ to ____ words before taking a breath

A pt who has severe dyspnea may take a breath after ______________

___________ is difficulty breathing when the individual is lying down

What does the term three-pillow orthopnea mean?

This is shortness of breath that awakens the individual in the middle of the night, usually in a panic with the feeling of suffocation

Name some signs of respiratory distress:

This may occur after chest trauma when the chest wall moves IN on inspiration and OUT on expiration.

What is the tripod position and what does it suggest?

A normal adult rate of breathing is ____to_____ breaths per minute and is called __________.

Men tend to use _________breathing
Women tend to use ______breathing

Chest retraction appears then intercostal muscles are drawn inward between ribs and indicates:

A sigh is a normal variation observed with breathing but FREQUENT sighing is considered an ABNORMAL finding and may indicate:

This is a respiratory rate <12 breaths per minute. The rate and depth remains smooth and even

This is a respiratory rate >20 breaths per minute. The rate and depth remains smooth and even

_______ breathing pattern is characterized by increased rate and depth of respiration and when occuring with ketoacidosis, it is very deep and laborious and is termed: _______

This breathing pattern is characterized by irregularly interspersed periods of apnea in a disorganized and irregular pattern, rate or depth

________is characterized by intervals of apnea interspersed with a deep and rapid breathing pattern which may be seen in clients w/severe illness, brain damage or drug overdose

______is an abnormal respiratory pattern characterized by rapid inspiration with prolonged, forced expirations. Air is not fully exhaled; thus it becomes trapped in the lungs, which eventually leads to a __________.And is frequently seen in clients w/________________

Inadequate oxygen tension at the cellular level

Clubbing of the nails is associated with _____ ________ observed in clients w/CF or chronic obstructive pulmonary disease

This breath sound should be heard over main bronchi:
1st & 2nd intercostal spaces at sternal border anteriorly and should be heard in the posterior thorax over the upper center area of the back on either side of the spine between the scapulae

This breath sound should be heard over lesser bronchi, bronchioles and lobes:
Peripheral lung fields

This breath sound should be heard over trachea

a breath sound that is not normally heard, such as a crackle, gurgle, rhonchus, or wheeze that are superimposed on the breath sound

The term _________ is used to describe a harsh, high-pitched sound associated with breathing that is often associated with breathing that is often caused by laryngeal or tracheal obstruction.

Diminished breath sounds may be heard in patients whose ________have been destroyed

This adventitious sound is heard as high-pitched, musical sound similar to a sqeak and occurs in small airways

This adventitious sound is low-pitched, coarse, loud, low snoring or moaning tone

This adventitious sound is a superficial, low-pitched, coarse rubbing or grating sound which sounds like 2 surfaces rubbing together.

Fine, high pitched crackling & popping adventitious sounds heard during the end of inspiration.

Medium-pitched, moist sound heard about halfway through inspiration

Low-pitched, bubbling or gurgling sounds that start early in inspiration and extend into the first part of expiration

The anteroposterior diameter of the chest shoulc be approximately _______ the lateral diameter

Anteriorly the constal angle should be ___________ degrees

The ribs should slope down _______ degrees relative to the spine

In patients with a ____________ the ribs are more horizontal in relation to the spine and there is an increase >90 degrees in AP diameter

this condition is noted by the prominent sternum

This condition is noted that sternum is indented above xiphoid

Assessing for Vocal (tactile) Fremitus should be performed when:

This is a vibration resulting from verbalizations felt by palpating the posterior thoracic wall:

Sounds that should be heard while percussing the thorax:
-heavy muscles
-liver
-ribs
-cardiac
-stomach

When there is an indication of consolidation of the lung or if there was an abnormal finding when tactile fremitus was performed, you would evaluate for vocal resonancy using these three techniques:

An inflammation of the mucous membranes of the bronchial tree. Initial cough is unproductive but may become productive after a few days. May experience substernal chest pain aggrivated by coughing. May have fever, malaise & tachypnea. Rhonchi are heard on ausculation w/wheezing heard after coughing

Infection of terminal bronchioles & alveoli. Fever, malaise & pleuritic chest pain. Inspiratory crackles, increased tactile fremitus, egophony & whispered pectoriloquy may be noted:

Infection primarily in lungs where pt is usually asymptomatic during early stages. Initial manifestations consist of fatigue, anorexia, weight loss, night sweats & fever. Later in the disease, is a cough tht becomes > frequnt, producing a mucopurulent sputum

An accumulation of serous fluid in the pleural space between the visceral & parietal pleurae

This hyperreactive airway disease is characterized by bronchoconstriction, airway obstruction & inflammation in response to inhalation of allergens or pollutants, infection, cold air, vigorous exercise or emotional stress

The following is indicative of what chronic pulmonary disease?
underweight/barrel chest who becomes short of breath, possible wheezing/crackles

This disorder is characterized by hypersecretion of mucus by the goblet cells of the trachea & bronchi resulting in a productive cough for 3 months in each of 2 successive years

Air in the pleural spaces results in a:

Name the 3 types of pneumothorax along w/brief description:

Blood in the pleural space caused by injury to the chest results in

This disorder refers to collapsed alveoli caused by external pressure from a tumor, fluid or air in the pleural space or by removal of air from hypoventialtion or obstruction by secretions

An uncontrolled growth of anaplastic cells in the lung describes:

No difficulty breathing until activity may have:

Viral pneumonia produces a ____cough
Bacterial pneumonia produces a ___cough

Increased sputum in the morning implies an accumulation of sputum during the night and is common w/____

Sputum prodcution w/a change in position is suggestive of ________ & ______