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Current Density
- Meaure the quantity of charged ions moving throught a particular cross sectional area of tissue
- Most of the current is right under the electrode
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Electrodes Size
Two electrodes are required to complete the current circuit
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Electrode size and density
- Density increases as size decreases
- Density Decreases as size increases
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Properties Small Electrodes
- Increased current density
- Increased impedance
- Decreased current flow
- less current coming from the electrode
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Large Electrodes
- Decreased current density
- Decreased Impedance
- Increased current flow
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Sponge Covered Metal Electrodes
- Reusable
- Requires straps to secure
- Lowest Impedance levels
- Pt tolerates well
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Carbon Impregnated Silicon Rubber Electrodes
- Reusable
- Require tape to secure
- Convenient, easy set up
- Next lowest impedance
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Synthetic Electrodes
- Come prepared with conductive and adhesvie qualities
- No tape or Strapes required
- Rexible conductiors, foil, metal mesh, conductive Karaya or synthetic gel
- Can create HOT SPOTS
- reused (skin should be cleaned prior to use)
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Motor Point Electrode Placement
- Area where muscle can be stimulated with minimal current levels
- Located at or near where the motor nerve enters the muscle usually over the muscle belly
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Dermatome Electrode Placement
Floow area of nerve distribution
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Relationship of muscle fibers and placement of electrodes
- along the length of the muscle fibers
- across muscle fibers
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The depth of current flow and electrode placement
- Close together = superficial current flow
- Further apart = deeper current flow
- the space between the electrodes should be at least the diameter of the ACTIVE electrode
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Monopolar /unipolar placement
- iontophoresis
- single or multiple active electrodes on target area to be stimulated
- Usually larger dispervise(inavtive) electrode place on same side of body away from target area
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Bipolar electrode placement
- 2 equal sized active electrodes place on same muscle group or in same treatment area
- used for muscle weakness, neuromuscluar facilitaion, spasms, ROM, and pain
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Quadripolar electrode placement
- electrodes from 2 separte stimulating circuits are positioned so taht the individula current intersect with eachotehr
- 2 channels, 4 electrodes
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Electrode Arrangement
- Parallel
- Crossed
- Bracketed
- Linear
- Unilateral
- Bilateral
- Contralateral
- Proximal
- Distal
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