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Which molecule facilitates the coupling of anabolic and catabolic reaction?
ATP
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What is catabolism?
is the breakdown of complex organic compounds into simpler ones
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What is anabolism?
the build up of complex organic compounds from simpler ones
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How is ATP an intermediate between catabolism and anabolism?
when catabolic reactions occur the energy is trapped in ATP and some lost as heat, and ATP provides the energy for anabolic reactions
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How do enzymes speed up chemical reactions?
by increasing the number of AB molecules that receive enough activation energy to react
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Catalysts?
substances that can speed up a chemical reaction without being permanently altered themselves
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What serves as a biological catalysts in living cells?
Enzymes
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Examples of cofactors are?
iron, zinc, magnesium, or calcium
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If the cofactor is an organic molecule it is called?
coenzyme; it carries e- and H+
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NAD+?
is primarily involved in catabolic (energy-yielding) reacions; electron carrier
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NADP+?
is primarily involved in anabolic (energy-requiring) reactions; electron carrier
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What are compounds contain derivatives of the B vitamin niacin?
NAD+ and NADP+
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Oxidoreductase
oxidation-reduction reactions
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Transferase
transfer functional groups
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Lyase
removal of atoms without hydrolysis
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Isomerase
rearrangement of atoms
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Ligase
Joining of molecules, uses ATP
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What factors may cause denaturation?
temperature, pH, and substate concentration
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What is enzyme saturation?
its active site is always occupied by substrate or product molecules
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What are enzyme poisions and what do they do?
cyanide and fluoride; permanently inactivate enzymes
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Ribozymes?
RNA that cuts and splices RNA
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Describe the process of substrate-level phosphorylation
is the transfer of a high-energy PO4- to ADP making ATP
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Decribe the process of oxidative phosphorylation
energy released from the transfer of electrons from one compound to another forms a proton gradient and is used to generate ATP by oxidative phosphorylation (chemiosmosis)
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Describe the process of photophosphorylation
light energy causes chlorophyll to give up electrons. Transfer of electrons through a system of carrier molecules is used to generate ATP
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What is a metabolic pathway?
a sequence of enzymatically catalyzed chemical reactions occuring in a cell
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What is carbohydrate catbolism?
the breakdown of carbohydrate molecules to produce energy
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What general processes are used to produce energy from glucose?
cellular respiration and fermentation
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What is glycolysis?
the oxidation of glucose to pyruvic acid witht he production of some ATP and energy-containing NADH
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What is the Kreb cycle?
the oxidation of acetyl CoA (a derivative of pyruvic acid) to carbon dioxide, with the production of some ATP, energy-containing NADH, and another reduced electron carrier, FADH2
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Where does glycolysis take place?
in the cytoplasm; independent of oxygen
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What are the end products of glycolysis?
2 pyruvic acid; 2 NADH; 2 ATP
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Name a bacteria that uses the pentose phosphate pathway
E. Faecalis
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What happens in the intermediate step?
pyruvic acid is oxidized and decarboyxaled and acetyl CoA formed enters Kreb cycle
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