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an 18th century European movement in which thinkers attempted to apply the principles of reason and the scientific method to all aspects of society
enlightenment
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the agreement by which people define and limit their individual rights, thus creating an organized society or government
social contract
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the rights that all people are born with- according to John Locke, the rights of life, liberty, and property
natural rights
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the assignments of executive, legislative, and judicial powers to different groups of officials in a government
seperation of powers
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one of the 18th century European monarchs who were inspired by Enlightenment ideas to rule justlyand respect the rights of their subjects
enlightmened despot
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a statement of the reasons for the american colonies' break with britain, approved by the second continential congress in 1776
Decleration of Independence
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measures designed to prevent any one branchof government from dominating the others
checks and balances
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a system of government in which power is divided between a central authority and a number of individual states
federal system
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the first ten ammendments to the U.S. constitution, which protects citizens' basic rights and freedoms
Bill of rights
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the political and social system that existed in France before the French revolution
Old Regime
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one of the three social classes in France
estate
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What did the first estate consist of?
the clergy
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what did the second estate consist of?
the nobility
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what did the third estate consist of?
the rest of the population
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an assembly of representatives from all three of the estates in France
Estates General
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a French congress established by representatives of the thrid estate on June 17, 1789, to enact laws and reforms in the name of the french people
national assembly
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a wave of senseless panic that spread through the french country side after the storming of the Bastille in 1789
great fear
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a statement of revolutionary ideals adopted by France's National Assembly in 1789
Decleration of the rights of man
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a french congress with the power to create and approve declerations of war, established by the constitution of 1791
legaslative assembly
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the period when maximillien robespierre ruled France nearly as a dictator and thousands of political figures and ordinary citizens were exhausted
reighn of terror
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a sudden seizsure of political power in a nation
coup d'etat
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a drect vote in which people have the opputunity to approve or reject a proposal
plebiscite
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a comprehensiveand unfirom system of laws established for French by napolean
Napoleonic code
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the use of troops or ships to prevent commercial traffic from entering or leaving a city of region
blockade
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the practice of burning crops and killing livestock during wartime so that the enemy cannot live off the land
scorched- earth policy
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a series of meetings during which the europeanleaders sought to establish long lasting peace and security after the defeat of napolean
congress of vienna
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a series of alliances among europeannations in the 19th centur, devised by Prince Klemens von Metternich to prevent the outbreak of revolutions
concert of europe
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a league of european nations formed by the leaders of russia, austria, and prussia after the congress of vienna
holy alliance
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europeans (mainly wealthy landowners nobles) who wanted to preserve the traditional monarchies of europe
conservatives
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europeans (mainly middle class business leaders and merchants) that wanted to give more political power to elected parliments
liberals
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the europeans who favored drastic change to extend democracy to all people
radicals
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the belief that people should ne loyal mainly to their nation (popele they share common culture and history) rather than a king or an empire
nationalsim
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an independent nation of people having a common culture and identity
nation state
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attempted to build a "republic of virtue" and was responsible for the commitee of public safety's attempt to find a convict "enemies of the replublic"
Maximillien robespierre
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restored the economy of france with a tax collecting system and a national bank, set up public schools, and created a code of laws
Napolean Bonaparte
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empress of russia that read the works of philosophers and also took steps to modernize and reform russia
catherine the great
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wrote the decleration of independence
thomas jefferson
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a wealthy venezuelan creole that helped win independence for the rebels
Simon Bolivar
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a simple, modest man that helped win independence for the rebels
Jose de san martin
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