secretes chemical substances directly into the blood.
Theeffects of the endocrine glands tend to be widespread.
secretes chemical substances directly into the blood.
Theeffects of the endocrine glands tend to be widespread.
exocrine gland
secretes chemical substances to nearby tissues through
a duct. The effects of the exocrine glands tend to be localized
Hypothalamus location
the junction between the central
nervous system and the endocrine system.
Its cells also receive messages from the autonomic nervous system to detect blood pressure, blood glucose level and share information with the central nervous system
hypothalamus
its hormones stimulate the secretion of pituitary hormones that effect even another endocrine gland
hypothalamus
This gland responds
to impulses from the autonomic nervous system by releasing hormones such as
Growth hormone releasing and inhibiting.
- Corticotropin releasing hormone.
- Thyrotropin releasing hormone.
- Gonadotropin releasing hormone
- Prolactin inhibiting and releasing hormone
hypothalamus
This gland known as the “master gland,” is divided into the posterior and anterior lobes
Pituitary
the posterior pituitary lobe responds
to nerve impulses from the _____
the anterior responds to
-hypothalamus
- hormones of the hypothalamus.
the posterior pituitary lobe produces this hormone which causes water retention and also this other hormone which causes uterine contraction and lactation
-antidiuretic hormone
-oxytocin
these hormones produced by
-Adrenocorticotropic hormone – targets the adrenal cortexes
-Thyroid stimulating hormone – targets the thyroid
-Follicle stimulating hormone – targets gonads and sex organs
-Luteinizing hormone – targets gonads
-Prolactin – targets mammary glands of women
-Growth hormone – targets almost all cells in body
anterior pituitary lobe
This gland releases hormones to increase the rate of cell metabolism.
-thyroid
these hormones are associated with
Thyroxine – stimulates cell metabolism
Triiodothyronine – stimulates cell metabolism
Calcitonin – lowers blood calcium levels
thyroid gland
These glands control the amount of calcium in the blood and within the bones. Blood calcium levels are increased
parathyroid
pancreas endocrine and exocrine functions
endocrine - alpha cells produce glucagon,
beta produces insulin
exocrine tissue known as acini secrete digestive
enzymes to aid in the digestion of fats
and protein in the small intestine
These glands aid in the body’s reaction to stress and danger
adrenal
the adrenal gland is divided into 2 divisions
- adrenal medulla - Catecholaminehormones- epinephrine and norepinephrine
This gland is responsible for the release of the melatonin hormone which plays a role in controlling the reproductive biological clock. may also effect a persons mood
pineal
Type 1 diabetes. IDDM
when the pancreas doesn't produce enough insulin to properly control blood sugar.
Type II diabetes NIDDM
when cells of body do not respond correctly to insulin marked by high levels of glucose in blood. this is the most common form of DM
The first signs of diabetic ketoacidosis include
diuresis causing:
frequent urination, dry warm skin. feeling of excessive thirst hunger
complication associated with Type II DM where both insulin and glucagon activity are present.
HHNK coma hyperglycemic hyperosmolar
nonketotic coma.
seizure that occurs when brain cells are not functioning normally due to low blood glucose
hypoglycemic
excessive secretion of thyroid hormones resulting in an increased metabolic rate
hyperthyroidism
usually caused by Graves Disease, condition that reflects prolonged exposure to excess thyroid hormones with resultant changes in body structure and function.
thyrotoxicosis
inadequate secretion of thyroid hormones resulting in a decreased metabolic rate
hypothyroidism
condition that reflects long-term exposure to inadequate levels of thyroid hormones with resultant changes in body structure and function
myxedema
puffy face and skin that looks doughy are symptoms of this condition
myxedema
insulin shock reflects high insulin and low blood glucose
hypoglycemia
endocrine disorder characterized by excess thyroid hormones resulting in body changes associated with increased metabolism; primary cause of
thyrotoxicosis
Graves' disease
aka thyroid strom - toxic, life threatening emergency that can be fatal within as few as 48 hours in untreated. characterized by hyperthermia, tachycardia, nervous symptoms, and rapid metabolism
thyrotoxic crisis
life threatening condition associated with advanced myxedema, with profound hypothermia, bradycardia, and electrolyte imbalance.
myxedema coma
condition resulting from excess adrenocortical hormones. symptoms may include changes body habitus, hypertension, vulnerability to infection.
Cushing's syndrome
endocrine disorder characterzed by adrenocortical insufficiency. symptoms include weakness, fatigue, weight loss, weight loss, hyperpigmentation
of skin and mucous membranes.
Addison's disease.
form of shock associated with adrenocortical insufficiency and characterized by profound hypotension and electrolyte imbalance
Addison's crisis
signs and symptoms of this condition include agitation, emotional changeability, insomia, poor heat tolerance, weight loss despite increased appetite. new onset A-fib, protusion of eye balls, goiter
Graves' disease
signs and symptoms include increased activity of the parasympathetic nervous system. high fever 106 degrees
thyrotoxic crisis AKA thyroid storm
condition AKA hyperadrenalism
cushing's syndrome
condition presenting with moon faced appearance, buffalo hump
cushing's syndrome
adrenal insufficiency, cortical destruction. condition called
Addison's disease
hormone that drives and increase in blood glucose
glucagon - agon - to drive
complex carbo that is source of much of the blood glucose produced between meals. stored in liver
glycogen
breakdown of glygogen to glucose, primarily by liver cells
glycogenolysis
conversion of protein and fat to form glucose.
New glucose molecules are synthesized from nonsugar sources through this process.
gluconeogenesis
Glucocorticoid where 95% of adrenocortical hormome production is
cortisol
most important mineralocorticoid that contributes salt and fluid balance in the body by regulating sodium and potassium excretion through the kidneys
aldosterone
endocrine glands chiefly responsible for sexual maturation of puberty and reproduction
gonads
when sympathetic nerves carry an impulse in the adrenal medulla, its cells respond by secreting _____
the catecholamin hormone epinephrine and norepi
steroidal homones secreted by
adrenal cortex
kidneys have some endocrine function. kidney cells that will react to a decrease in blood volume or pressure by releasing the enzyme
renin
dominant hormone when blood glucose level is
high
insulin
dominant hormone when blood glucose level is low
glucagon
major effects of insulin on target tissues 2
1. all cells uptake glucose
2. in the liver - increase in production of glycogen,
protein, fat
compounds produced during the catabolism of fatty acids, including acetoacetic acid, B-hydroxybutyric acidm, and acetone.
ketone bodies
the presence of significant quantities o ketone
bodies in the blood.
ketosis
deficeincy of blood glucose AKA insulin shock
hypoglycemia
excessive blood glucose
hyperglycemia
greatly increased urination and dehydration that results when high levels of glucose cannot be reabsorbed ino the blood from the kedney tubules and the osmotic pressure of the glucos in the tubules also prvents water
reabsorbtion
osmotic diuresis
formation and secretion of large amounts of urine
diuresis
glucose in urine, which occurs when blood glucose levels exceed the the kidney's ability to reabsorb glucose
glycosuria
excessive thirst
polydipsia
eating too much, excessive hunger
polyphagea
complication that occurs when there is a profound insulin deficeincy coupled with increased glucagon activity.
diabetic ketoacidosis
common causes of this include/
- excessive administration of insulin
- excess insulin for dietary intake
- overexertion, resulting in lowered blood glucose levels
hypoglycemia
common causes of this include:
- stress such as infection or stroke producing hyperglycemia and a noncompensated diuresis, modualated by both insulin and glucagon activity
HHNK
common causes of this include;
-cessation of insulin injections
-stress such as infection or surgery that releases catecholemines potentiating glucagon effiects and blocking insulin effects.