neurology

somatic nervous system

autonomic nervous system

basic unit of nervous system

anatomy of a neuron stimulated by environmental changes or the activities of other cells

anatomy of a neuron that contains the nucleus and most of the metabolic machinery (mitochondria, ribosomes, ext

anatomy of a neuron that conducts nerve impulses (action potential) away from the soma

anatomy of a neuron that affects another neuron or effector (muscle, gland, etc.

a substance that is released from the axon terminal of a presynaptic neuron upon excitation and that travels across the synaptic cleft to either excite or inhibit the target cell. EX: acetylcholine, norepi, dopamine

membranes covering and protecting the brain and spinal cord. They consist of the pia mater, arachnoid membrane, and dura mater.

tough outermost layer of meninges

middle layer of the meninges

delicate innermost layer of the meninges

watery, clear fluid that acts as a cushion, protecting the brain and spinal cord from physical impact. this also serves as an accessory circulatory system for the central nervous system.

largest part of brain with 2 hemispheres. is seat of consciousness and the center of higher mental functions such as memory, learning, reasoning, judgment, intelligence, and emotions.

portion of brain lying beneath the cerebrum an dabove teh brainstem. It contains the thalamus, hypothalamus, and limbic system

part of the brain connecting the cerebral hemispheres with the spinal cord. consists of the mesencephalon (midbrain), pons, and medulla oblongata

portion of the brain connecting the pons and cerebellum with the cerebral hemispheres, also called the midbrain,

portion of the brain that controls motor coordination and eye movement. AKA midbrain

located between the midbrain and teh medulla oblongata, contains connections between the brain and the spinal cord.

lower portion of brainstem, connecting pons and spinal cord, contains major centers for control of respiratory, cardiac, and vasomotor activity.

portion of brain dorsal to pons plays important role in fine motor movement, posture, equilibrium, and muscle tone

part of brain responsible for speech, vision, personality, motor

part of brain responsible for balance and coordination,

system responsible for consciousness. A series of nervous tissues keeping the human sytem in a state of consciousness

carrying impulses toward the central nervous system. Sensory Nerves

carrying impulses away from the brain or spinal cord to the perifery. Motor nerves

area of the skin innervated by spinal nerves

involuntary component of peripheral nervous system

any malfunction of damage of the peripheral nerves. results may include muscle weakness, loss of sensation, impaired reflexes, and internal organ malfunctions

a breathing pattern characterized by a period of apnea lasting 10 to 60 seconds followed by gradually increasing depth and frequency of respirations.

rapid deep respirations caused by severe metabolic and CNS problems.

hyperventilation caused by a lesion in the central nervous system, often characterized by rapid, deep, noisy respirations.

poor respirations due to CNS damage, causing ineffective thoracic muscular coordination

breathing characterized by a prolonged inspiration unrelieved by expiration attempts seen in patients with damage to the upper part of the pons

posture associated with a lesion at or about the upper brainstem. the pt presents with the arms flexed, fists clenched and legs extended.

posture resulting from lesion in brainstem. Pt presents with stiff and extended extremities and retracted head.

a collective change in vital signs associated with increasing intracanial pressure:
- increased blood pressure
- decreased pulse
- irregular respirations

AEIOU-TIPS

condition characterized by loss of memory and disorientation, associated with chronic alcohol intake and a diet deficient in thiamine

psychosis characterized by disorientation, muttering delierum, insomnia, delusions, and hallucinations.

condition with symptoms of painful extremities, bilateral wrist drop, bilateral foot drop, and pain on pressure over the long nerves.

caused by ischemic or hemorrhagic lesions to a portion of the brain resulting in damage or destruction of brain tissue.

tPA

3rd most common cause of death in middle aged and older patients.

2 types of strokes

thrombotic stroke

embolic stroke

hemmorrhagic stroke

most intracranial hemmorhages occu in the ____ patient when small tissue ruptures

predisposing factors that may contribute to stroke

transient ischemic attack

seizure that begins as an electrical discharge in a small area of the brain but spread to involve the entire cerebral cortex, causing widespread malfunction

seizures that remain confined to a limited portion of the brain, causing localized malfunction. may spread and become generalized

AKA grand mal seizure. type of generalized seizure characteristic by rapid loss of consciousness and motor coordination, muscle spasms, and jerking motions

phase of seizure characterized by tension or contraction of muscles

phase of seizure characterized by alternating contraction and relaxing of muscles

type of generalized seizure with sudden onset, characterized by a brief loss of awareness and rapid recovery

petit mal seizure AKA
- presents with 10 to 30 second loss of consciousness or awareness.

subjective sensation preceding seizure activity

phase of seizure where pt experiences extreme muscle rigidity, including hyperextension of back

when pt remains in coma after seizure

postictal

hysterical seizure, stems from psychological disorders

2 types of partial seizure

sometimes called focal motor, focal sensory, or Jacksonian seizure, characterized by chaotic movement of one areal of body. no loss of consciousness

sometimes called temporal lobe or psychomotor seizure characterized by distinctive auras including unusual smells, tastes, sounds, or objects appearing distant or near. may have deja vu

difference of syncope from seizure

series of 2 or more generalized motor seizures without any intervening periods of consciousness

transient loss of consciousness due to inadequate flow of blood to the brain with rapid recovery of consciousness upon becoming supine

headache that includes migrains and cluster headache

dull headache that feels like forcefull pressure to neck or head

headache caused by tumors, infection, or diseaseof brain, eye

signs and symptoms of meningitis

a new or abnormal formation; a tumor

collection of pus localized in an area of the brain

collection of diseases that selectivly affect one or more functional systems of the CNS

degenerative brain disorder; the most common cause of dementia in the elderly

group of genetic diseases characterized by progressive muscle weakness and degeneration of the skeletal or voluntary muscle fibers

dengenerative brain disorder resulting from death of nerve cells in the cerebral cortex causing atrophy of brain. pts have short term memory loss. develop aphasia (inability to speak)

most common form of MD

disease that involves inflammation fo certain nerve cells followed by demyelination, or destruction of the myelin sheath, which is the fatty insulation surrounding nerve fibers.

group of disorders characterized by muscle contractions that cause twisting and repetitive movements, abnormal postures, or freezing in the middle of an action.

early symptoms include deterioriation of hand writing, foot cramps, dragging of one foot.