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Lack of resistance to a disease:
Susceptibility
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Ability to ward/avoid off disease:
Immunity
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Defenses against any pathogen. First and second line of defense:
Innate immunity
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Immunity, resistance to a specific pathogen. Third line of defense:
Adaptive Immunity
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Ciliated mucosal cells of the lower respiratory tract that move inhaled particulates away from the lungs:
Ciliary Escalator
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What physical factors help in innate immunity?
- -Epidermis (tightly packed cells-keratin)
- -Mucous membranes
- -Ciliary Escalator
- -Lacrimal Apparatus
- -Saliva
- -Urine
- -Vaginal seretions
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When chemical factors help in innate immunity?
- -Fungistatic fatty acid in sebum
- -Low pH of skin (3-5)
- -Lysozymes (destroy tissue)
- -Low pH of gastric juices (1.2-3)
- -Transferrins in the blood iron
- -NO inhibits ATP production
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Normal microbiota compete with pathogens for water, area food, etc:
Microbial antagonism / Competitive Exclusion
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Blood ___ are similar to megakaryocytes.
platelets
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Name types of WBCs in order from largest to smallest:
- -Neutrophils (60-70%) fight infection
- -Lymphocytes (20-25%) B & T cells
- -Monocytes (3-8%) become macrophages
- -Eosinophils (2-4%) worm killers
- -Basophils (0.5-1%) release chemicals
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What is special about the WBC: Neutrophil
Phagocytic
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What is special about the WBC:
Lymphocyte
Involved in specific immunity
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What is special about the WBC:
Monocyte
Phagocytic as mature macrophages; Fixed macrophages in lungs, liver, and bronchi grab "bad guys" as they float by
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What is special about the WBC:
Eosinophils
Toxic to parasites and some are phagocytic
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What is special about the WBC:
Basophils
Produce histamine and heparin
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What does "phago" mean?
Greek - meaning "eat"
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What does "cyte" mean?
Greek - meaning "cell"
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Ingestion of microbes or particles by a cell, performed by phagocytes.
Phagocytosis
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Inhibit adherence: M protein, capsules
Streptococcus pyogenes, S. pneumoniae
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Kill phagocytes: Leukocidins
Staphylococcus aureus
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Lyse phagocytes: Membrane attack complex
Listeriamonocytogenes
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Escape phagosome
Shigella
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Prevent phagosome-lysosome fusion
HIV
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Survive in phagolysosome
Coxiella burnetti – causes Q fever requires host cell to reproduce in aerosol – may be in contaminated milk transmission.
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4 signs of imflammation:
- 1 heat
- 2 redness
- 3 pain
- 4 swelling
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Regarding Inflammation:
Swelling is a result of what?
WBC cells traveling out of the blood vessels (followed by interstitial fluid)
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Regarding Inflammation:
Pain is a result of what?
Swelling
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Regarding Inflammation:
Redness and heat are a result of what?
Extra blood supply to the area
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Regarding inflammation:
Dilation of the blood vessels is ___.
vasodilation
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Vasodilation allows ___ and ___ of the WBCs. They leave the blood vessels and start to travel to the damaged area.
margination / immigration
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What are the 4 chemicals involved in vasodilation?
Histamine, kinins, prostoglandins, & leokotrienes.
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The body's thermostat is located where? What temperature does it normally set at?
Located in the hypothalamus / 37oC
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Gram-negative ___ cause phagocytes to release interleukin–1 (IL–1).
endotoxins
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Hypothalamus releases ___that reset the hypothalamus to a high temperature.
prostaglandins
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Body increases rate of metabolism and shivering which raise ___.
temperature
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When IL–1 is eliminated, body temperature ___ (crisis).
falls
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What are the advantages of fever?
- -Increase transferrins (transferrins hide iron, bacteria need iron to reproduce)
- -Increase IL–1 activity, which helps with immunity response.
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What are the disadvantages of fever?
- -Tachycardia – fast HR
- -Acidosis – low pH
- -Dehydration
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What is the term for cell destruction?
cytolysis
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Serum proteins activated in a cascade series; part of 2nd line of defense:
Complement System
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"tasty coating"; makes a microbe more appealing to a phagocyte so it will be eaten quicker!
Opsonization
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Microbial plasma membrane destroys the cell by bursting due to an inflow if ___ ___ (membrane attack complex).
cellular fluid
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Some bacteria evade the effects of complement by 3 ways:
- -Capsules prevent C activation.
- -Surface lipid-carbohydrates prevent MAC formation.
- -Enzymatic digestion of C5a.
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Cause cells to produce antiviral proteins that inhibit viral replication.
Alpha IFN and Beta IFN
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Causes neutrophils and macrophages to phagocytize bacteria.
Gamma IFN
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___ bind and hide iron from microbes.
Transferrins
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