___ are live microbes applied to or ingested into the body, intended to exert a beneficial effect. (like acidophilus)
Probiotics
Used to prove the cause of an infectious disease.
Koch's Postulates
A change in body function that is felt by a patient as a result of disease. *subjective
Symptom
A change in a body that can be measured or observed as a result of disease. *objective
Sign
A specific group of signs and symptoms that accompany a disease.
Syndrome
A disease that is spread from one host to another; Fairly easy to catch; Ex. Chicken pox, TB, Herpes, etc.
Communicable disease
A disease that is easily spread from one host to another; Super easy to catch; Ex. Chicken pox, measles
Contagious disease
A disease that is not transmitted from one host to another. Ex. Tetanus, rabies
Noncommunicable disease
Fraction of a population that contracts a disease during a specific time; Ex. "10% of the population has the flu between December and March"
Incidence
Fraction of a population having a specific disease at a given time:
Prevelance
Disease that occurs occasionally in a population; Ex. Flu, Ebola
Sporadic disease
Disease constantly present in a population; Ex. Common cold
Endemic disease
Disease acquired by many hosts in a given area in a short time; Ex. gonorrhea & influenza
Epidemic disease
Worldwide epidemic; Ex. HIV/AIDS
Pandemic disease
Immunity in most of a population due to either exposure or immunizations (Some areas have genetic immunity)
Herd Immunity
Disease in which symptoms develop rapidly; Ex. influenza
Acute disease
Disease develops slowly with less severe symptoms but lasts longer; Ex. Mono
Chronic disease
Disease in which the symptoms are between acute and chronic.
Subacute disease
Disease with a period of no symptoms when the patient is inactive; Ex. AIDS, chicken pox, shingles, MS:
Latent disease
Infection in which pathogens are limited to a small area of the body:
Local infection
An infection throughout the body:
Systemic infection
Systemic infection that began as a local infection:
Focal infection
Bacteria in the blood:
Bacteremia
Growth of bacteria in the blood:
Septicemia
Toxins in the blood:
Toxemia
Viruses in the blood:
Viremia
Acute infection that causes the initial illness:
Primary infection
Opportunistic infection after a primary (predisposing) infection:
Secondary infection
No noticeable signs or symptoms (inapparent infection):
Subclinical disease
___ ___ make the body more suseptible to disease. Examples: female urethra (short), inherited traits, climate & weather, fatigue, age, lifestyle, chemotherapy, etc.
Predisposing factors
___ of infection are continual sources of infection. (Aids for humans; rabies for animals)
Reservoirs
___, such as rabies or lyme disease, can be transmitted from animals/insects to humans.
Zoonoses
Any non-living thing that can carry microbes (towels, sheets, silverware, etc.)
Fomite
Transmission of disease:
Requires close association between infected and susceptible host.
Direct contact
Transmission of disease:
Spread by fomites.
Indirect contact
Transmission of disease:
Transmission via airborne droplets.
Droplet contact
Transmission of disease by an inanimate reservoir (food, water).
Vehicle transmission
Transmission of disease by animals that carry pathogens from one host to another (fleas, ticks, mosquitos)
Vectors
The passive transport of the disease/pathogens on the insect’s feet or other body parts
Mechanical transmission
Transmission of disease:
Pathogen reproduces in vector
Biological transmission
An infection that develops during the course of a hospital stay and was not present at the time the patient was admitted:
Nosocomial Infection
True or False:
5-15% of all hospital patients acquire nosocomial infections.
TRUE
The most common type of nosocomial infection patients acquire during their hospital stay is ___ ___ infection; it accounts for 40%.
urinary tract
Diseases that are new, increasing in incidence, or showing a potential to increase in the near future.
Emerging Infectious Diseases
List at least 3 contributing factors to EID's:
Genetic recombination; Evolution of new strains; Inapproriate use of antibiotics and pesticides; Changes in weather patterns; Modern transportation; Ecological disaster; war; expanding human settlement; Animal control measures; Public health failures.
The study of where and when diseases occur:
Epidemiology
Mapped the occurrence of cholera in London (1848-1849)
John Snow
Showed that hand washing decreased the incidence of puerperal fever (1846-1848)
Ignaz Semmelweis
Showed that improved sanitation decreased the incidence of epidemic typhus (1858)
Florence Nightingale
Collection and analysis of data regarding occurrence of disease
Descriptive
Comparison of a diseased group and a healthy group
Analytical
Study of a disease using controlled experiments
Experimental
Health care workers report specified disease to local, state, and national offices
Case Reporting
Physicians are required to report occurrence
Nationally Notifiable Diseases
Incidence of a specific notifiable disease.
Morbidity
Deaths from notifiable diseases.
Mortality
Number of people affected in relation to the total population in a given time period.
Morbidity rate
Number of deaths from a disease in relation to the population in a given time.
Mortality rate
Collects and analyzes epidemiological information in the United States.
