-
CN I
- Olfactory nerve
- Sense of smell
- exits brain through olfactory foramina
-
CN II
- Optic Nerve
- Visual acuity, visual fields
- Exits brain through optic canal
-
CN III
- Occulomotor N.
- -Innervates levator palpebrae superioris, superior rectus, medial rectus, inferior rectus, inferior oblique extraocular muscles
- -Provides parasympathetic innervation that constrict the eye and change lense shape
Exits brain through superior orbital fissure
-
CN IV
- Trochlear n.
- Controls: Superior oblique muscles (Down and inward motion)
- Exits brain through superior orbital fissure
-
CN V
- Trigemnian Nerve
- - receives sensation from face
- -responsible for corneal reflex
- -innervates muscles of mastication
- Goes through superior orbital fissure, foramen rotundum, and foramen ovale
-
CN VI-
- Abducens nerve:
- -innervates lateral rectus muscle (allowing ABduction of eye)
- Exits brain through superior orbital fissure
-
CN VII
- Facial nerve
- - Motor innervation to: Facial expression muscles, posterior belly of digastric m., stapedius muscle
- -taste on anterior 2/3 tongue
- -secretomotor innervation to salivary glands (except parotid), lacrimal gands,
- -located and goes through internal acoustic canal to facial canal and exits sckull at styylomastoid foramen
- Branches: temproaly, zygamatic, buccal, mandibular, cervical
-
CN VIII
- Vestibulocochlear n.
- -senses sound, rotation, gravity
- -carries impulses for equlibrium (in terms of being level)
- - Chochlear branche carries hearing impulses
- -located in internal acoustic canal
-
CN IX
- Glossopharyngeal N.
- Taste: posterior 1/3 tongue
- Secretemotor innervation to parotid gland
- -motor innervation to stylopharyngeus
- -sensory innervation from palatine tonsils
- -Exits brain through jugular foramen
-
CN X
- Vagus n.
- -motor innervation to most laryngeal and al pharyngeal muscles
- -parasmpathetic innervation to heart, GI tract, lungs
- -Leaves skulll through jugular foramen
-
CN XI
- Cranial Accessory n
- - overlaps some vagus fxn
- -innervates sternocleidomastoid and trapezius
- -Damage= inability to shrug, weak head movements
- -leaves skull through jugular foramen
-
CN XII
- Hypoglossal nerve
- -motor innervation to tongue muscles (except palatoglossus) and other glossal muscles
- -important to swallowing and speech
- -leaves skull through hypoglossal canal
-
Brodman Area 4 contains:
- The primary motor cortex (in the precentral gyrus)
- -Corticospinal tract starts here
-
Brodman Area 6
Premotor cortex; in charge of motor planning, immediately anterior to Brodman area 4
-
Brodman Areas 1,2,3
- Postcentral gyrus
- -contains primary somatosensory cortex
- - pain, touch, vibration, position
-
Brodman areas 5 & 7
- Somatosensory association area
- -Assocation area
- -immediately posterior ot primary somatosensory cortex (Brodman 1,2,3)
- -combine senses to be recognized by the frontal lobe: stereognosis, graphestesia
-
Corticospinal tract
- Divided into anterior and lateral corticospinal tract.
- -Lateral corticospinal (pyramidal) tract: found near dorsal horn
- -Anterior (ventral) corticospinal tract:
-
lateral Corticospinal tract (pyramidal tract)
- innervates fine motor: esp upper extremities
- --crosses over at the cervicomedullary jxn
- --R brain injuries (before cervicomedullary jxn) cause L lateral corticospinal tract deficits in the peripbery
-
Anterior (ventral) corticospinal tract
- Controls postural/trunk muscles
-
Dorsal Column system
- Sensory: vibration, position, fine touch (2 pt)
- Divided into:
- - Gracile fasciculus
- -Cuneate fasciculus
-
Gracile Fasciculus
- -part of dorsal column system
- - fine touch, position, and vibration BELOW T6
-
Cuneate Fasciculus tract
- -component of dorsal column system
- - Fine touch, position, and vibration ABOVE T6
-
Anterolateral system
- Includes:
- Spinothalamic tractspinoreticular tract
- spinomesencephalic tract (spinotectal)
- spinohypothalamic fibers
-
Spinothalamic track
- - pain and temperature sensation
- -contralateral sensation: "crosses over" at the vertebrae where it enters the spinal cord or at most 2 vertebrae above that
-
Upper Motor Neuron
Pertaining to motor neurons in the CNS (Brain and spinal cord)
-
Lesser Motor Neurons
Pertains to nerves that begin in brainstem/spinal cord that exit as cranial/spinal nerves to muscles
-
Corticobulbar spinal tract
starts in cortex of brain, goes to brainstem
-
Rubrospinal tract
- Contributes to the upper motor neurons.
- -injuries to corticobulbar and corticospinal tracts may not result in hypertonicity of rubrospinal tract remains intact
-
Lateral corticospinal (pyramidal) tract
- -largest motor tract
- -voluntary, highly skilled fractionated movement tract
- -decussation at cervicomedullary jxn
|
|