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disease
any change other than an injury that disrupts the normal function of the body
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*Describe some of the causes of disease.
*Some diseases are produced by agents, such as bacteria, viruses, and fungi. Others are caused by materials in the environment, such as cigarette smoke. Still others, such as hemophilia, are inherited.
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pathogens
disease-causing agents; means "sickness makers"
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germ theory of disease
infectious deseases were caused by microorgansims of different types, commonly called germs
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Koch's postulates
1. The pathogen should always be found in the body of a sick organism and should not be found in a healthy one.
2. The pathogen must be isolated and grown in the laboratory in pure culture.
3. When the cultured pathogens are placed in a new host, they should cause the same disease that infected the oringinal host.
4. The injected pathogen should be isolated from the second host. It should be identical to the original pathogen.
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*What are the ways in which infectious diseases are spread?
*Some infectious diseases are spread from one person to another through coughing, sneezing, or physical contact. Other infectious diseases are spread though contaminated water of food. Still others are spread by infected animals.
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vectors
animals that carry pathogens from person to person
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antibiotics
compounds that kill bacteria without harming the cells of the human or animal hosts
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*Describe the function of the immune system.
*The function of the immune system is to fight infection through the production of cells that inactivate foreign substances or cells.
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immunity
ability of the body to resist a certain pathogen
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*Describe the body's nonspecific defenses against pathogens.
*Your body's most important nonspecific defense is the skin.
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inflammatory response
nonspecific defense reaction to tissue damage caused by injury or infection
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*Describe the body's nonspecific defenses against pathogens.
*The inflammatory response is a nonspecific defense reaction to tissue damage caused by injury or infection.
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fever
elevated body temperature that occurs in result to infection
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interferons
one of a group of proteins that help cells resist viral infection
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immune response
the body's specific defenses that attack a disease-causing agent
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antigen
substance that triggers immune response
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humoral immunity
immunity against antigens and pathogens in the body fluids (B cells)
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cell-mediared immunity
immunity against abnormal cells and pathogens inside living cells (T cells)
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antibodies
protiens that recognize and bind to antigens
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vaccination
the injection of a weakened form of a pathogen to produce immunity
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active immunity
immunity produced by exposure to an antigen as a result of the immune response
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passive immunity
short-term immunity caused when antibodies produced by other animals for a pathogen are injected into the body
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allergies
overreaction of the immune system to antigens
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histamines
chemical that increases the flow of blood and fluids to the surrounding area
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asthma
chronic respiratory disease in which the air passages becom narrower than normal
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*What happens in an autoimmune disease?
*When the immune system makes a mistake and attacks the body's own cells, it produces an autoimmune disease.
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*How can AIDS and HIV be prevented?
*The only no-risk behavior with respect to HIV and AIDS is abstinence.
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risk factor
anything that increases the chance of disease or injury
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*Describe the environmental factors that infect your health.
*Environmental factors that can affect your health include air and water quality, poisonous wastes in landfills, and exposure to solar radiation.
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tumor
mass of growing tissue that begins when a cell or a group of cels begin to grow and divide uncontrollably
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carcinogens
chemical compound known to cause cancer
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*Name three things you can do to maintain your health.
*Healthful bahaviors include eating a healthful diet, getting plenty of exercise and rest, abstaining from harmful activities, and having regular checkups.
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