Music History Exam 1

• "Evening music"
• Played on Sundays leading up to Christmas,
• performed by Buxtehude

Huge orchestral interruptions for tense scenes

society formed in 1850 for the express purpose of publishing the complete works of Johann Sebastian Bach without editorial additions.

Accompaniment consisting of one bass instrument and one chordal instrument

• form based on chorale tune
• just playing the tune as a prelude in preparation for singing

• Amateur music groups
• schools had these groups that gave public concerts
• gathered to play for their own pleasure

• Ornamentation found in arias
• assoc. with Handel

Emphasize the first violin and bass

Solo instrument with Orchestra

Set smal ensemble against large one soloist against tutti (all)

2 violins accompanied by cello and continuo

All, or full

Originally for orphans the took paying students

• “from the head”
• Ternary
• Most common form of aria in scarlatti’s operas and cantatas
• Creates ABA form
• Offers great flexibility in expression
• A) small 2 part form with 2 diff. settings of same textInstrumental ritornello separates the two sections
• B) New key and mode to reflect change of emotion
• Popular because it offered embellishment in repeat

• Handel
• "sacred entertainment"
• much simpler
• combined with italian style but with new elements
• Chorus is now more prominent
• they actually participate now

• Invented the German Cantata
• Added poetic texts
• combined chorale, solo, recit, and aria styles
• sought new style of sacred cantata

Set of entries of subject

main theme of a fugue that is repeated in all voices

• second entrance of subject begins on the dominant
• notes are not always exactly the same

Periods of free counterpoint in between statements of the subject

Overlapping entrances of subject

• in a progression, it is a series of the fundamental tones
• different inversions are still the same chord
• invented by Jean-Philippe Rameau

• The Red Priest
• Vivaldi
• cause of red hair

• Couperin
• book of harpsichord pieces
• most imp. book for french baroque performance practice

• Harmonic Inspiration
• Example of his attractive titles to his books to attract buyers.
• Vivaldi

• Suites (harpsichord mostly)
• Couperin

• Where Vivaldi was a teacher, composer, and conductor from 1703-1740
• He was music master at this orphanage
• constantly composing for this position

• What comes before everything else
• The first movement of a work

• Ritornellos alternate with solos
• opening rit. = few small 2-4 measure segments
• later statements are partial
• ritornello = tonal guideposts
• solo episodes = virtuosic

Had the most and best arias

• Instrumental interlude
• often serves as a tonal guidepost

• 1718-1719
• Joint stock company for producing Italian operas
• Associated with Handel (music director)
• Operas staged at King's Theater
• Dissolved in 1729 because of money

• Midway between cantata and opera
• Semi-dramatic piece for several singers and small orchestra,
• usually written for special occasion
• First composer of this was Alessandro Stradellla

• As speechlike as possible
• With continuo only

• chamber sonata
• For use in courts of nobility
• Series of stylized dances beginning with prelude solo and trio

• church sonata
• mostly abstract movements
• dance rhythms and binary forms
• could be used in church settings
• serious minded use
• in liturgical context subsitute for parts of the liturgy
• Trio, and rare solo

While Bach was in Leipzig, he was the music director of this school

• Town musicians in Germany
• Supported by cities and churches
• They have the exclusive right to provide music during public events
• proficient at many instruments

• 4 Main ones
• allemande
• courante
• sarabande
• gigue
• --------
• Bourree
• Musette
• Minuet
• Passepied

Germany, duple, moderate tempo, serious in mood

French, running lively tempo, rapid simple triple meter

Triple, with emphasis on the 2nd beat, slow and solemn

British, compound duple, dotted rhythms, fast, lively, light in mood

duple, simple meter, lively tempo, starts with up beat

dance, describes a little french bagpipe, usually has a drone, pastoral feeling, duple meter

triple meter, stately mood

lively dance compound meter, 3/8 or 6/8, light hearted sailor quality

• same as basso continuo
• like figured bass
• up to the musician to fill in the chords

• Rameau
• Treatise on Harmony in which he explained his methodology
• most influential theoretical work every written

• 2 violins and basso continuo
• 3-part texture
• could be more than 3 players on multiple parts filling in the chords
• follow format of sonata da chiesa
• s f s f

• Chorales or sonatas
• played daily on wind instruments from the tower of the town hall or church