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Bolus
Ball of food material mixed with saliva
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Segmation
Mixing with saliva
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Amylase
- Enzyme saliva
- Break down of carbs
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Carbia orfase
Opening where the esophogus & diaphram meet
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Sphincter
- Is a strong muscle
- Pulses open and close
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Esphogus mucosa
Zig Zag fashion
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Advertitia
ONLY in esophugus and retro organs
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Stomach copacity
4 liters of food
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Heartburn
Can be cause by over eating, puttin pressure on heart
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Acid from stomach
can come back up to feel like heartburn
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Hiatal hernia
- Stomach connection goes up instead of down
- stomach puts pressure on heart
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ulser
opening in layers of GI track
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Stomach
- bean shaped
- big curve and small curve
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Plyorus
Bottom of stomach
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Lesser Curvature
small curve of stomach
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Greater curvature
greater curve in stomach
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Mucosa
Made of brougd finger like structures
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Rugae
- fingers of mucosa
- inner most layer
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Chym
when bolus (ball of food) enters stomach its called chym
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Duodenum
- Stomach extention
- Gated by Pyloric pshincter
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Stomach wall
- Mucosa
- submucosa
- muscularis
- serosa
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Mucosa layer
- gastric pits
- gastric glands
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Gastric gland
- Parietal cellc
- Cheif cell
- Entero-endocrine cell
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Parietal cell (pac man)
- Produce Hydrochloric acid HCL
- Produces Intrinsic factor
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Intrinsic factor
- Produced by parietal cell
- chem. that helps absorbe vit B12
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B12
- helps RBC carry O2 which brings iron
- hypo=animia
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Perineciouse animia
Low production of B12 and Intrincic factor
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Gastric pits
In mucosa layer-holes extend down to gastic gland
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"Gen" ending
inactive enzyme
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Entero-endocrine
More than 30 differnt enzymes
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Endorphine
makes you feel good-chocolate
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Cheif cell
- in gastric pits of stomach mucosa
- main thing in stomach-inactive enzyme
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Pepsinogen
inactive enzyme of the gastric pits of stomach
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Lipase
- Enzyme of gastric pits of stomach
- lipid breakdown
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Pepsin
- Enzyme that works on protiens
- Converted from pepsinogen to active enzyme by HCL
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Renin
- in cheif cell of gatric cell
- enzyme in children below 7
- breaks cacien down
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Canien
enzyme that breaks down milk
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Acid enviorment
Stomach-hyrdocloric acid HCL
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Nuetral enviorment
mouth is nuetral
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Binding in Parietal cell
- Pushes hydrogen into stomach lumen H+
- All HCO3- go into blood
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Alkaline tide
- The pushing of hydrogen and HCO3- into stomach lumen
- negative chage
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HCO3-
kicked out of cell into blood
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Cl-
is sent from blood to lumen to regulate blood to make HCL
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Histamine
blocks the H+ from lumen to prevent uncler
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Amlance
carb breakdown-in mouth-neutral
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Pepsin
Protein breakdown-acidic-stomach
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Pyloric sphincter
- opening at bottom of stomach conecting duodenum
- Opens and closes to stomach can have time to absorb all protein in stomach
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Entric nerve
in middle of brain-triggers vomiting
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Small intestine names
Duodenum-Jejunum-Ileum
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Hepatopancreatic ampulla and sphincter
Where liver and pancrease join at duodenum
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Oddi-sphincter
Another name for Hepatopancreatic sphincter
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Gallbladder
opening into duodenum
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Bile duct
Juices of liver
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Small intestine wall
Alkaline 7.4 base
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Stomach mucosa layer
folded into narrow fingers calles Villi
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Plical Circialus
Tip of Villi-the folds of mucosa
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Intestinal crypt
- "Licberkahn pits"
- Secrete intestinal juice-haas lots of enzymes 7.42-7.8ph
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Paneth cells
Produce lyosine-in intestinal crypt
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Microvilli
- Top of villi
- Brush border-absorbtion area increased
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Submucosa
Bottom of gastic cell at the crypt
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Duodenal gland
- In submucosa
- secretes alkaline juices 7.4ph
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Brunners gland
another name for duodenal gland
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Pyeris patch
- Submucosa layer
- immune cells-has lymph knodes
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Liver
- Has 4 knobes
- Righ and left are visible from front
- Caudate & Quadrate lobes visible from back
- 1.4 kilo-grams
- makes bile juices
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Gallbladder
- Stores bile
- Secretes into duodenum
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Ligamentum
- Thread like structure hanging out
- remenent of fetal imbilical vein
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Liver job
- Detoxifing anything put in body
- Secretes bile juice
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Bile juices
- Secreted by liver
- No enzyme-digest lipids
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Hydrolotic
- All enzyme work only in water based situations
- Will not work on lipids
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Bile Salts
Break down lipids
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Polar region of bile salt
- Has charge
- This side mixes with water
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Nonpolar region of bile salt
- Negative charge
- This side attaches to lipid enabling water to breack down lipid
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Liver properties
- Rish in glycogen
- Stores glucose
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Hepato cytes of liver
Liver cells that grow back or regenerate
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Hexogonal plates
- Shape and formation of liver cell
- 6 sides and 6 corners
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Portal triad of liver
- 3 tubes of the hexogonal plate
- Bile duct-Artery-Vein
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Plates of Hepatocytes
Liver cells make hepatic juice
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Sinusoid walls of liver
- Tracks between hepatocytes
- has Kupffer cells
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Kupffer Cells of liver
Made of macrophines that eat bugs in body
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Hepatitis "C"
most common
-
Hepatitis "B"
Mostly in health care facilities
-
Surosis of liver
- Hepatitis B & C
- Alcohol makes you more suspeptible to hetatitis
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Hepatitis "D"
Cant come into you-must have Hep "B" first to get
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Hepatitis "A"
Most common in children
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Emulsififcation
Bile salt breakdown-lipid breakdown in liver
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Bilirubian
- Formed when RBC are distroyed
- Exited though urin and feces
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Urobiliogin
Distroyed RBC flushed out in urine from liver
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Stercobilin
Distroyed RBC flushed out in feces from liver
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Cholecystokinin
- Secreted by duodunem wall
- Tells galbladder to squeeze and release bile and open sphincter into duodenum
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Secretin
- Secreted by duodunem wall
- Hormone that will travel through blood to liver and tells it to secrete bile juices
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Gallstones
Crystals of cholestoral in gallbladder
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Litotrypsy
Shoot untral sound waves to break up gallstones
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Colesistcyamy
- Removal of gallbladder
- Bile duct enlarges and bile is stored here
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Jawndice
Accumulation of urobliogin in blood vessels
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Pancreas
- Secretes pancratic juice
- Ph 8 alaline
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Acinar cell of pancrease
Secretes pancreatic juice
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Pancrease secretes into
- Small intestines
- Trypsin-active enzyme
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Trypsin
- Secreted by pancreas
- active enzyme that breaks down protein in small intestine
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Trypsinogen
Inactive enzyme that reacts with enteropeptidase to make trypsin enzyme
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Enteropepitose
Mixes with trypsinogen to make trypsin
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Cholecystokinin in pancrease
Tells pancrease to make pancreatic juice
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Secretin in pancrease
Stimlates production of pancrease juice
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Cecum
Connection where small and large intestine meet
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Colon
- Large intestine
- Ascending, Transvrese, Descending
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Haustrum
Pockets of large intestine
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Water absorbtion
- to little diahria
- to much constipation
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Valsalvas
- Process of goin to bathroom
- pressure on lower abdomin, hold breath, puch ect
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Epiploic appendages
- Fat balls
- Dont know what they do
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Teniae coli
Strong muscle
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Singmoid colon
Attachemtn of colon to anus
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External anal sphincter
Volentary at anus after rectum
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External anal sphincter
- Volentary
- controls movement
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Internal sphincter
- Involentary
- controls movement
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Rectal valve
Separates solid and gas
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Hermorhoidal vein
Drain all wastes away
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Hemroid
Inflamation of hemorhaoidal veins
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Levator ani muscle
Go up and down like a piston to propel waste material out of anal canal
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Ileustomy
Removal of large intestine and attached to small intestines to anal canal
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Flura
700 kinds of bugs live in large intestine
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Diverliculosis
- Haustrum pockets very small
- Narrowing of large intestine
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Diverticulitis
inflamation or infection of large inestine
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Deflication reflex
Goin to bathroom
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Cerbreal cortex
- Controls external sphincter
- lets you hold it in 150-200 ml each poop
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Parasythatic nerves system
- Involentary
- Lose control of bowles
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