franks midterm 2

as x-ray photon energy increases, the penetrating ability of the photo __________

as mAs increases, x-ray exposure increases and radiographic film density _____________

exposure time is ____________ to the number of electrons crossing from cathode to anode

kilovoltage has a __________ impact on density

x-ray intensity is_____________ proportional to the SID

as distance decreases, intensity ________ and film density __________

the factors that effect x-ray emission under the direct control of the radiographer are called the ____________

what are the prime factors?

quantity, intensity and x-ray output are directly affected by _________

x-ray quality is numerically represented by the __________

___________ and _________ are factors that directly affect x-ray quality

as the mA doubles, the number of electrons flowing from the cathode to the anode ________

the primary control of x-ray quantity is governed by

if the mAs of a radiograph is increased from 10 to 20, the resulting image will have _____________

if the mAs used to create one image is the same as the mAs used to create a second image of the same structure, both images should have the same_______

increasing the kVp on the x-ray control panel will cause an increase in the ____________ of the electrons across the x-ray tube

increasing the energy of an incident electron will result in the production of an x-ray photon with __________ energy

if kVp is double the amount of photons reaching the IR is approximately

kilovoltage is the primary controller of _____________

an increase of kVp by 15% will cause an approximate ____________ in the exposure

adjustments in kVp should be used to control radiographic ______________

x-ray intensity is measured in _________________

the relationship between the intensity of radiation and distance is the _____________

the density maintenance formula is a ______________ law

give 80 mAs and an exposure time of .20 seconds, calculate mA

which interactions have a significant impact on the x-ray image?

as the atomic number of an element increases, the energy required to remove an inner shell electron _______

when a photon is _________ all of the energy is transferred to the matter

when a photon is ____________, it no longer exists.

during _______________ interaction, the energy released during the filling of the inner shell is known as secondary radiation

during the photoelectric interaction, the incident x-ray photon must be greater than the _____________ energy of the inner shell electron

in the human body, ___________ is the predominant interaction through most of the diagnostic x-ray range.

during ____________ scattering, no energy is transferred in the interaction

what interaction with matter results in an image with a short scale of contrast?

when a scattered photon is deflected back toward the source, it is traveling in a direction opposite to the incident photon and is called ________________

during ___________ the negatively charged electron is termed a negatron

what interaction with matter results in a radiograph with a long scale of contrast?

as _________ increases, the total number of photons transmitted without interaction increases

as kVp increases, the percentage of ________ interactions increase

when an x-ray passes through matter it undergoes a process called ___________

during attenuation, the x-ray photons in the beam ___________, ______________, and ____________

during ____________the x-ray photon is converted into matter in the form of 2 electrons

which atomic shell possesses the highest energy?

unwanted densities caused predominantly by scattered photons are called

as the electron shell moves farther from the nucleus, total electron energies _________ and binding energies ___________

when x-ray photons interact with matter and change direction, the process is called _________

if a photon interacts with matter and scatters, the photon exists with _____________ energy

when an x-ray photon with slightly greater energy than the binding energy of the inner shell electron interacts with that inner shell electron, a __________ interaction occurs

during photoelectric absorption, an ______________ is ejected

during photoelectric absorption, the ejected electron is called ________

during compton scattering, the incident photon energy is divided between the ____________ and _________

the photon that exits the atom after a compton scattering is called the compton _________________ photon

during photoelectric interaction, as an electron transfers from an outer shell to a vacant inner shell, the energy is released in the form of ________________

the electron dislodged during compton scattering is called the __________

an interaction that occurs between very low energy x-ray photons and matter is called _____________

_______________ is the source of occupational exposure

compton scattering occurs when an incident x-ray photon interacts with a ________________ electron

hydrogen

Oxygen

Barium

Lead

Iodine

Tungsten

Carbon

Nitrogen

Calcium

an effective method of reducing patient exposure is through accurate and effective ____________

as compared to an AP chest, a PA chest reduces ___________ to the breast tissue

when the primary beam size ______________, the patient exposure decreases

as compared to the AP skull, the PA skull reduces exposure to the ____________

list three types of gonad shields

the radiation intensity from a diagnostic x-ray unit will vary in a ___________ relationship with the square of the kVp

radiation intensity varies inversely with _____________

entrance skin exposure is a ______________ exposure

an increase in filtration caused a ____________ in entrance skin exposure

the use of a grid will ___________ patient dose

as film speed increases, patient exposure __________ when maintaining image receptor exposure

the patient has the right to __________ a radiographic exam ordered by the attending physician

the conscientious radiographer can reduce patient dose by at least ____________ in most examinations by choosing appropriate exposure factors

the maximum exposure received by the patient is at the ________________

the FDA sets an entrance skin exposure limit of __________ for fluoroscopic systems in the united states.

the radiation intensity from a diagnostic x-ray unit will vary in a ____________ relationship with the mAs

to reduce patient exposure, the ___________ kVp consistent with the image quality should be selected

patient entrance skin exposure decreases as SID ____________

most of the cones are located at the ___________ in high concentration

______________ involves comparing mental images of patterns-anatomical, physiological, pathological, and histological- to arrive at a diagnostic opinion

Myopia is____________

hyperopia is __________

presbyopia is ___________

the fovea centralis creates a ___________ at a viewing distance of about 9 inches

all radiographic images are missing the critical diagnostic element of ____________

to view the human body in three dimensions, at least __________ images are required

radiography is useful in the _____________ of art objects

image _____________ is formulated in the brain

the specialized cells in the retina convert the visual image into _________

the _____________ transmits visual neurological information to the brain

when exposed to vast quantities of light photons, _____________ is over-sensitized and becomes bleached out

rods and cones respond to ___________

rods are _________ meaning that they see ________

cones are __________ meaning that they see __________

rods function best in _________ light

the visual phenomenon involving the perception of extremely small or faint details is termed the _______________________

the _______________ occurs because the visual system has difficulty perceiving contrast differences that are distant from one another

the ___________ occurs when the eye perceives change in density

the phenomenon that occurs when intensely bright light from a view box floods the eye directly is termed _____________

contrast perception is dramatically increased when the eye uses a ___________ motion, this movement maintains a constantly changing neurological signal, thus avoiding ____________ of the optic nerves.

the radiographic image is a ______ dimensional object

a radiographer can best minimize the amount of scatter radiation reaching the image receptor by ____________ the beam

a__________ is placed between the patient and the IR to absorb scatter

list 2 factors that affect the amount of scatter produced

scatter photons from __________ interactions are of no use in demonstration radiographic structures of interest

as more photons pass through the irradiated material unaffected, the resulting IR exposure has greater ____________

If an increase in kV is accompanied by a reduction of mA, to maintain the same exit dose the overall result will be a _______ in the amount of scatter photons.

as the kV increases, the amount of photons that undergo a __________ interaction will increase.

penumbra is the geometric _____________ around the periphery of an image

automatic collimators are known as _________ devices

when more photons are absorbed photoelectrically, the resulting radiograph will have _________ density

as the volume of irradiated tissue increases, the amount of scatter ________

the ______ the z# of a material, the higher number of photoelectric absorption interactions will be and the __________ the scatter will be

when a beam restricting device is used, technical factors may need to be ________ to compensate for the change in the IR exposure

list 3 beam restricting devices

why do higher z# materials have an impact on scatter?

radiographic film should be stored at a temperature _________ and _____________ humidity

single emulsion film must be loaded with the __________ side toward the intensifying screen

a small crystal size will create _______ resolution and a ________ speed

double emulsion film is sometimes called _________

the _______ is a layer of hard , protective adhesive material.

primarily, it is ___________ that interact with the film

the ejected halide electron is attracted to and trapped by a _____________

when the sensitivity speck traps a free electron, it becomes ____________ charged

a negatively charged sensitivity speck attracts a free silver ___________ or ______

a single incident photon may free ___________ of electrons for deposition at sensitivity specks

according to the gurney-mott theory, the incident photons interact with one of the halides and ejects an ____________

what are the four layers of radiographic film (in order from top to bottom)

qualities of a good film base include ____________

adhesive is used to ___________

emulsion is composed of ____________ and __________

the gelatin is used to ____________

the photosensitive agents used in radiographic film include __________, _____________, and _____________

the most commonly used silver halide crystal is ____________

the unseen change in the atomic structure of the crystal lattice is called the __________

silver bromide precipitates out when _____________ reacts with ______________

the waste product found during crystal production is ____________

______________ film is sensitive to all colors

the crystal lattice is bound together with _________

the impurity added to the crystal lattice is ____________

the purpose of the sensitivity speck is to attract ___________

reducing agents provide _________ to the silver ions attached to the sensitivity specs

fixing is the process of removing ____________

Dryer system air dries the _______ and seals the __________

the usual storage time for radiographic film is _______ to _____ years

the average time to process a film in an automatic processor is about ___________

the pass box is used to pass ___________ to and from the dark room

most darkrooms are equipped with a dark-red filter __________

dark room walls should be ________ in color, because reflected light is lower in intensity

the recovery system is used to remove _______ from the fixer solution

about __________ of the silver is removed from the emulsion after processing

scrap film used to be a valuable source of __________ for a radiography department

the primary purpose of radiographic processing it to ___________________________________.

the most variable and sensitive factor in the production of the radiograph is the ________________.

the 4 steps of automatic processing are __________

the image becomes visible during ___________

the primary chemical agents in the developer are called ______________ agents

the primary chemicals in the fixer are called ___________

if the fixer is not cleared from the film, it may result in a film that will become ____________ and then ________ with age

a stable black metallic silver atom is formed when a positive silver ion obtains ____________

reducing agents ___________ positive silver ions

when unexposed silver halides are reduced by a solution with high concentration, this is called ____________

if silver halide crystals have more than three silver atoms on their sensitivity specs, the crystal will be able to be

the reducing agents used in automatic radiographic processors are _____________ and ___________ and are sometimes called ___________

____________ quickly reduces silver, enhancing fine detail

_____________ is the reducing agent that works only in areas of light.

__________ is the reducing agent that slowly reduces silver producing the heavy density

when _________ and ________ are combined, their reducing ability is greater than the sum of their independent abilities. this phenomenon is know as ______________

as the developer is in its final stages of oxidation, its color will change to ___________

the restrainer added to the developer is _______________

the preservative agent added to both the developer and the fixer is ___________

the most common developer solution hardener is ____________

the solvent used in both developing and fixing is ____________

the _________ is most affected by contamination

a film processed in contaminated developer will exhibit _____________

the most common developer contamination is _____________

the processor lid is propped open when the unit is not in use to prevent _________

a clearing agent will bond with _______________

the most commonly used clearing agent found in fixer solution is _______________

fixer solution becomes saturated with __________

developer has an _______________ pH, while the fixer has an ______________pH