Franks midterm

define penumbra

the beam of photons, before it reaches the patient is called ________________ radiation

the individual packets of energy contained in the primary beam are called__________

the beam that exits the patient is called______________

radiation that is non-diagnostic is called_____________

the process by which the nature of the primary beam is altered as it passed through the patient is called _____________

materials that allow x-ray photons to travel through them easily are _______________

materials that are not easily traversed by x-ray photons are ______________

the invisible image recorded on a film that has not been processed is called __________

automatic processing of a radiographic image requires approximately ___________ seconds

the radiographer has control of what technical factors?

SID is the distance between _______________

the overall blackening of a film is called

the visible differences between densities is called

the distinct representation of an object's true borders is called

the misrepresentation of an object's true size or shape is called

to produce a mAs of 10 you would use 200 mA at _____________ seconds

to change kVp while maintaining exposure you would

according to the inverse square law, if distance is doubled, intensity decreases to __________ the original value

_____________ is the chief controlling factor of contrast

high kVp produces an image with a ___________ scale of contrast

define the inverse square law

a ______________ is a device that is designed to remove scattered photons before they reach the IR

as mAs is increased, density is _______________

____________ is the chief controlling factor of exposure and density

define attenuation

_______________ directly controls the quality of the x-ray photons produces.

________________ directly controls the quantity of the x-ray photos produced

________________ is affected by patient motion.

the ________________ focal spot is used when fine detail is required.

the distance between the object being imaged and the IR is

the most common cause of image unsharpness is _____________

the purpose of beam modification is _____________

scatter is_____________

the fluoroscopic image is a _________________ image

shape distortion may appear as _______________ or _______________

the major influences on magnification are __________ and _____________

define the half value layer

the ___________ is the medium used to capture the image

when electrons strike the target in the tube about ________% of the interaction results int eh production of x-rays and _________% is converted to heat.

the part of the radiographic system that produces the x-rays is the ___________

the primary components of the x-ray tube are the ____________ and _____________

give an example of a beam limiting device

most x-ray machines are equipped with an automatic collimator known as __________________

free floating, hi/lo, tilting are classifications of x-ray _____________

90-90 tables can tilt from a _________________ position to a complete _______________ position in either direction.

a cassette tray is also called a _________ tray

the cathode is the ______________ side of the x-ray tube

the ________________ control the size and shape of the x-ray field

t/f turning on the power to an x-ray machine activates x-ray production
True False

one Kilovolt is equal to ____________

one milliampere is equal to ____________

t/f most diagnostic radiography is done between 100 and 400 mA
True False

what does the rotor exposure switch do?

t/f simultaneous depression of the rotor switch and the exposure switch allows the exposure to be made as soon as the tube is ready
True False

the device that supports the x-ray tube and allows it to move in different directions

the directions that the tube can travel are _______________

t/f x-ray tubes have manual and electric locks
True False

t/f a wall mounted cassette holder includes a bucky mechanism
True False

t/f a wall mounted bucky unit is similar in function to a radiographic table
True False

where is the x-ray tube located in a fluoroscopic unit?

in the fluoroscopic unit, the x-ray tube moves with the _____________

what device allows the radiologist to obtain static images during a fluoroscopic examination?

which piece of equipment is used when radiographic equipment must be taken to the patient?

regarding beam limitation, the size of the x-ray beam should always be restricted to the ________ and collimation should be evident on _____________ sides of the image

according to the NRC regulations the embryo/ fetus dose for an entire pregnancy cannot exceed ________ mSv, _____________ rem, or __________ mrem

the __________ is the regulatory agency responsible for protecting both the public and occupationally exposed individuals from the effects of ionizing radiation.

when no threshold dose for radiation exists, this effect is known as ____________

_______________ is the deterministic effect of ionizing radiation on the eyes

radiation exposure limits pertinent to the protection of radiation workers are known as __________ limits

the annual effective dose limit for an occupational exposure to ionizing radiation is _____________ rem

the annual effective dose limit for an occupational exposure to ionizing radiation is _______________ mrem

the annual effective dose limit for the general public to ionizing radiation is __________ rem

what is the dose limit for a 21 year old radiation worker?

what are the 3 cardinal principals of radiation protection?

if the distance between the individual and the source of radiation is double, the exposure to the individual will be reduced by ______________

for an individual to reduce exposure by a factor of 25, the distance between the individual and the source should ____________

secondary barriers protect against _____________ and _____________

list 2 protective devices

protective aprons and gloves are usually made of lead-impregnated vinyl within the range of ____________ lead equivelancy

for fluoroscopic procedures with a kVp of 100 or more, the protective apron must possess a minimum of ___________ lead equivalency

proper collimation _____________ scatter radiation

using technical factors where _____________ kVp and ____________ mAs are chosen to minimize patient dose

the NCRP recommends a minimum total filtration of _______________ for x-ray equipmentoperating above 70 kVp

the use of a grid in a radiographic procedure will result in a ___________ in patient dose

special gonadal shields should be employed any time the gonads are within ______________ cm of the primary beam

the lenses of the eyes will receive the greatest dose during what procedure?

the fetus is most sensitive during __________ post contraception

what does ALARA stand for?

compound filters use_________ or more materials to enhance the absorbing ability of the filter

the the percentage of attenuated photons________ as energy increases even when filtration is increased

when filtration is increased, technical factors must be ________________ to maintain the dame density

total filtration is equal to the sum of _________ and _________ filtration

does filtration remove a portion of the useful beam?

the __________ portion of a wedge filter is placed over the less dense part of the patient

any filtration that occurs outside the tube and housing is considered__________

__________________ filtration is the filtration found inside the tube design

in diagnostic radiology, filtration is typically added between the ______________ and the ___________

filtration is the process of eliminating the undesirable _____________ x-ray photons by the insertion of absorbing materials into the primary beam

filtration permits the radiographer to ____________ the photon emission spectrum into a more useful beam

increased filtration __________ patient dose

in general, low energy x-ray photons are _________ by the patient

name 3 materials considered filters in the x-ray tube

the most common filter material used is __________

all filtration can be expressed in terms of _________

the collimator is categorized as ____________ filtration

how many half value layers must be added to the primary beam to reduce intensity to less than 20% of its original value?

the problem of unequal subject density is solve by the use of a _________________ filter

reducing agents provide ________ to the silver ions attached to the sensitivity specks

fixing is the process of removing _____________

dryer system air dries the _________ and seals the _________

the usual storage time for radiographic film is _____________

the average time to process film in an automatic processor is about ____________

the pass box is used to pass _____________

most darkrooms are equipped with a dark red ______________

darkroom walls should be ________ in color because reflected light is lower in intensity

the recovery system is used to remove ___________ from the _________

about __________ of the silver is removed from the emulsion after processing

scrap film is a valuable source of ___________ for a radiology department

the primary purpose of radiographic film processing is to _____________

the most variable and sensitive factor in the production of a radiograph is the __________

what are the 4 primary steps of automatic processing?

the image becomes visible during ___________

the primary chemical agents in the developer are called ___________

the primary agents in the fixer are called ___________

if the fixer is not cleared from the film, it may result in a film that will become _________________

a stable black metallic silver atom is formed when a positive silver ion obtains an

reducing agents __________ positive silver ions

when unexposed silver halides are reduced by a solution with high concentration, this is called ___________

if silver halide crystals have more than 3 silver atoms on their sensitivity specks, the crystal will be able to be ____________

the reducing agents used in automatic processors are _______________ and _____________ and are sometimes called _____________

_____________ quickly reduces silver, enhancing fine detail

___________ is the reducing agent that works only in areas of light exposure

____________ is the reducing agent that slowly reduces silver, producing heavy density

when ___________ and ___________ are combined, their reducing ability is greater that the sum of their independent abilities. this phenomenon is known as ______________

as the developer is in its final stages of oxidation, its color will change to __________

the restrainer added to the developer is ___________

the preservative agent added to both the developer and the fixer is ______________

the most common developer solution hardener is _____________

the solvent used in both developing and fixing is ___________

the ______________ is most affected by contamination

a film developed in contaminated developer will exhibit ________________

the most common cause of developer contamination is ____________

the processor lid is propped open when the processor is not in use to prevent ______________

a clearing agent will bond with ___________ silver halides

the most commonly used clearing agents found in fixer solution is ________________

fixer becomes saturated with ___________

developer has an ____________ PH, while the fixer has an ______________ PH.