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Whats the difference between a purine and pyrimidine?
- purine- G and A, 2 rings
- pyrimidine- C and T, 1 ring
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Who is responsible for determining the structure of the DNA molecule and in what year?
Watson and Crick, 1953
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How did Rosalind Franklin contribute to determining the structure of DNA?
she formed the X-ray diffraction model
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What kind of bonds hold the complementary DNA bases together?
weak hydrogen bonds
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What is the most common nucleic acid found in organisms?
rRNA
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Define DNA replication
the process that copies 1 DNA strand into 2 equal strands
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What is a replication fork?
the initiation point where helicase begins splitting the DNA
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How many amino acids are there?
20
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How many codon combinations are there?
64
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Name the three types of RNA and tell the shape of each.
- mRNA- linear
- rRNA- heart
- tRNA- cloverleaf
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Which type of RNA copies DNA's instructions in the nucleus?
mRNA
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What makes up ribosomes?
- rRNA
- large and small ribosomal units
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What are the three STOP codons?
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What does tRNA transport?
amino acids
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What are transcripts?
mRNA molecules
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What kind of bonds do amino acids use when bonding with one another?
peptide bonds
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What codon/amino acid begins protein synthesis?
AUG- methionine
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In what two places in the cell can ribosomes be found?
cytoplasm and rough ER
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What happens to the newly formed mRNA after transcription?
it exits the nucleus and binds to the ribosome where translation occurs
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Which RNA molecules are involved in protein synthesis?
All (rRNA, tRNA, mRNA)
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Where is the anticodon found on tRNA?
the second loop
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Does DNA replication begin at one end and proceed to the other?
No, starts from many different points
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Where does RNA polymerase bind to the DNA it is transcribing?
the promoter region
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What is RNA polymerase?
- transcription enzyme
- attaches to DNA, unwinds DNA, builds up an RNA molecule
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What is a mutation?
any change in an organism's genetic code
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Name several things that can cause DNA mutations.
mutagenic chemicals, radiation
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What is a codon and what does each codon code for?
3 nucleotides, amino acids
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What organelle synthesizes proteins?
ribosomes
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What are three binding sites on the ribosomes?
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The start codon AUG pairs with what anticodon?
UAC
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Can more than one ribosome at a time translate an mRNA transcript?
Yes
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What determines the primary structure of a protein
amino acid sequence
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What is DNA's primary function?
to store and transmit genetic info
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What are the repeating subunits called that make up DNA?
nucleotides
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Name the three parts of a DNA nucleotide
- sugar (deoxyribose)
- phosphate
- bases (A, T, C, G)
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How are the two strands of DNA positioned in relation to one another?
antiparallel with complementary bases
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What makes up the sides of a DNA molecule?
phosphate and sugar
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What makes up the "steps" of a DNA molecule?
nitrogen bases
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What makes up the "backbone" of the DNA molecule?
phosphodiester bonds, sugar and phosphate
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How many base pairs are in a full turn or twist of a DNA molecule?
10.5
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How many hydrogen bonds link C and G?
3
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How many hydrogen bonds link A and T?
2
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What is the first step that must occur in DNA replication?
unzipping, or separating of the strands using helicase
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What is the function of DNA polymerase III?
adds new complementary nucleotides to each strand
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What acts as a template in DNA replication?
the sequence of base pairs on each separated strand
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What is the function of DNA polymerase I?
changes the RNA nucleotides from primase between the Okazaki fragments into DNA nucleotides
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What is the function of ligase?
connects Okazaki fragments
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