Blood and Lymphatic

• 55% fluid: water and dissolved solutes
• 45% cells and formed elemetns: RBC, WBC, thrombocytes (platelets)

• thickness of bloos # of cells per volume of blood
• Too high indicates dehydration or increased cell production
• High Hematocrit = increased stress on heart and increased blood clotting

the portion of the mature RBC that is to carry O2

clear yellow fuild after cells are removed

Fluid and solutes remaining after cells and fibrinogen have been removed

• Ca ions
• Vitamin K
• Clotting Factors produced by the liver

• Immediate Vasoconstriction
• Thrombocytes adhere to underlying tissue - if small vessels forms platelet plug
• If large Vessels coagulation mechanism needed (pg 248 in book)

• O: universal bonor (lacks A & B antigens)
• A:
• B:
• AB: univeral recipent

• CBC: complete blood count
• Differential count: % of each type of WBC
• Hematocrit: RBC's per volume in %
• Hemoglobin: amount of hgb per cell
• Reticulocyte count, bone marrow aspiration and biopsy: used to confirm abnormal production of blood cells (leukemia)
• Chemical analysis of blood: (O2, CO2, enzymes)

• Bleeding Time
• Prothrombin time (PT): extrinsic pathway
• Partial Thromboplastin time (PTT): intinsic pathway
• INR: extrinsic pathway

• Blood transfusions: whole blood, packed RBC's or packed platelets (administered with severe anemia of thrombocytopenia)
• Plasma or collaidal volume expanding solutions: high hematocrit
• Artificial blood products
• Products to stimulate formation of RBC's
• Bone Marrow or stem cell transplants

• Functions to return excess interstitial fluid & protein to the blood
• defense system by filtering out the bad and returing the good
• consists of vessels, nodes, lymphoid tissue (tonsils, spleen, thymus)
• essential for the proper function of immune system
• If the lymphatic system isn't working the blood values may be off

• Iron Deficiency
• Pernicious
• Aplastic
• Sickle Cell
• Thalassemia

low iron in diet; especially in puberty, pregnancy, or with excess blood flow

Deficiency in vitamin B12; during pregnancy can lead to spina bifida

• decreased WBC decreased RBC platelets due to damaged bone marrow, virus or idiopathic
• RBC's are abnormal and large

• Abnormal Hgn when deoxygenated takes a sickle shopa
• Genetic recessive
• Increased risk of CVA, Mi by occluding arteries
• Painfull Crises

genetic defect that results in decreased amount of Hgb & RBC's produced

Fatigue, pallor, dyspnea, tachycardia (can progress to arhythmis/death) cold intolerance

• Blood Tests
• Hct
• Hbg
• Blood smears

• depends of cause
• Diet (iron & pernicious)
• Blood Transfusions
• Bone Marrow transplant

increased production of RBC's, other cells in bone marrow, blood volume & viscosity increase, increased chance for MI

• cyanotic, bluish red skin, enlarged blood vessels, enlarged liver, spleen, heart, increased BP,
• Spleen & Liver Congestion

• Diagnosis: Cell counts
• Hgb, Hct
• Treatment: drugs, radiation to suppress bone marrow, plebotomy (removal of blood periodically)

• Etiology: deficit of normal clotting factors
• S&S: prolonged or severe hemorrhage, spontaneous hemarthosis
• Diagnosis: increased PTT, APPT & coagulation time
• These people need to aviod risky behaviors

a compication of numerous primary problems. for example OB compications, carcinomas, major trauma, chronic DIC often due to chronic infection

excessive bleeding and excessive clotting, more often hemorrhage is critical problem. Low BP, Respiratory impairments, seizures and decreased responviveness

• Treat the underlying cause
• treamtent of coagulation imblance is very difficult. Pt is monitored very carefully

• Pathology: WBC's that are undifferentiated immature, non functional multiply uncontrollably
• S&S: unresponsive infection, excess bleeding, signs of aneamia, bone pain Wt. loss and fatigue
• Diagnosis: blood counts, smears
• Treatment: chemo, maintain nutritions, transfusions, bone marrow transplant
• Therapy: indurance and bone pain

• starts as single lymph node, spreads
• S&S; enlarged lymph nodes, spleen = pressure effects generals signs of cancer. recurrent infection due to affect on immune system
• Rx: surgery, chemo, radiation
• if caught early good prognosis

• Starts as enlarged painless lymph node
• Multiple node involvement scattered throughout body non-organized pattern of widespread metastases
• Clinical signs staging and treatment similar to hodgkins lymphoma