pathology unit1

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What are 4 defects of Tetralogy of Fallot?
- 1. Pulmonary Stenosis
- 2. VSD
- 3. R. ventricular hypertrophy
- 4. Transposition (Dextraposition of aorta)
T or F
does Tetralogy cause "baby blue" syndrome due to poorly oxygenated blood

True
From wich ventricle is blood shunted from and which ventricle does it flow into in a heart with Tetralogy?

from right ventricle to the left ventricle
What does the insufficient amount of oxygenated blood in system result in?

Cyanosis
Having a misplace aorta permits deoxygenated blood to flow into what?

Into the aorta from right ventricle
What does an increased strain on the right ventricle pumping blood through the stenosed pulmonary artery cause?

the right ventricle to enlarge
What causes Tetralogy?
- 1. emnbryonic hypoolasia
- 2. fetal alcohol syndrome
- 3. no absolute reason
What are the clinical findings to Tetralogy?
- 1. cyanosis
- 2. tachycardia
- 3. exercise intolorence
- 4. older child assumes squatting position after running
What are some test that can be done on a person with Tetralogy?
- 1. chest x-ray (cardiac looks like a boot shape)
- 2. echo (soundwaves of heart)
- 3. ekg (rate &regularity of heart beat)
- 4. blood work (count & oxygen levels)
- 5.heart cath (diagnose extent of problem)
What are some complications of Tetralogy?
- 1. pulmonary thrombosis
- 2. venous thrombosis
- 3. cerebral embolism
What are some treatments for Tetralogy?
- 1. open heart surgery
- 2. Dacron patch closes the VSD
- open stenosed pulmonary artery
Is Atrial Septal defect more common in males or females?

Females
According to what will cause an ASD to reman undetected untill a patient is an adolescent?

Defect size
What are some probable causes of ASD
- 1. may occur due to failure of foramen ovale to close at birth
- 2. unknow
what are some clinical findings for ASD?
- 1. fatigue, SOB after extreme exertion in a child
- 2. BP is higher on left due to pumping action of left side
- 3. shunts blood back to the right through the hole
what causes mixing of oxygenated and deoxygenated blood?

ASD
what side of the heart is overworked in an ASD patient?

the right side
what are tests that can be done a patient with ASD?
- 1. chest x-ray
- 2. cardiac cath
- 3. ekg
- 4. echo
what are some treatments for a patient with ASD?
- 1. surgery using Dacron patch
- 2. interventional procedure using various devices
what congential heart defect can have one hole, several holes, or an entire septum missing?
- VSD
- (ventricular septal defect)
in VSD higher pressure is in which ventricle?

left
which ventricle and atrium are enlarged due to VSD?

left according to defect size
blood returns to what instead of going to arch in a VSD patient?

to the lungs
what are the clinical findings for VSD?
- 1. heart murmur
- 2. tachypnea (more than 60 breaths per min)
what are some test that can be done for a VSD patient?
- 1. chest x-ray
- 2. cardiac cath
what are treatments for VSD?
- depending on size of defect
- 1. surgery repair with patch or graft
- 2. inerventional procedure using button closure device or other devices
what is Coarctation of the Aorta?

narrowing (stricture) of aorta just inferior to left subclavian artery
in coarctation of the aorta which part of the body recieves adequate blood supply and which recieves inadequate blood supply?
- upper - adequate
- lower - inadequate
collaterals will compensate for poor blood supply
T or F
BP is higher in legs than in arms for a coarctation of the aorta patient

False
what are the clinical findings for coarctation of the aorta?
- 1. coolness in lower extremities
- 2. muscle cramps after exercise
- 3. headaches
- 4. epistaxis (bloody nose)
- 5. dyspnea (difficulty breathing)
what exam is given for the coarctation of the aorta

aortogtaphy of arch and descending aorta
what are the treatments for coarctation of the aorta?
- 1. surgically excise the narrowed segment
- 2. sew the inaffected ends together
- 3. angioplasty
what is a ductus artetriosus

blood vessel that connects pulmonary artery to descending aorta
what does a patent ductus arteriosus do?

it allows blood in pulmonary artery to bypass nonfunctioning lungs and enter the aorta
how long does it take for a patent ductus arteriosus to close

days to weeks after birth
if a PDA fails to close after birth, what happens to blood flow

blood shunts left to right from aorta to pulmonary artery recirculating oxygenated arterial blood through the lungs
what gender is affected most with PDA

females
what is the most common heart defect found in adults

PDA
what causes PDA
- 1. premature infants
- 2. people born in high altitudes
- 3. pregnant mother with rubella
what is a complication of PDA

respiratory distress
what test are done for PDA
- 1. chest x-ray (increased pulmonary markings)
- 2. cardiac cath
what are treatments for PDA
- 1. surgical correction in infants
- 2. embolization using stainless steel coils
What happens in a Mitral Valve Stenosis?
- 1. valve thickens due to calcification
- 2. chordae tendineae fuse and shorten
- 3. valve cusps become rigid
- 4. apex of valve narrow obstructing blood flow
- 5.l atrial blood vol. increases
- 6. l. atrial pressure rises
- 7. l. atrium enlarges
what does MVS result in
- 1. pulmonary hypertension
- 2. regurgitation
- 3. lt. atrial hypertrophy
- 4. reduces cardiac output
- 5. inadequate left ventricle filling
- 6. thrombus and embolism may occur
what are clinical findings for MVS
- 1. orhopnea (cant breath when laying)
- 2. weakness
- 3. fatigue
what are some treatments for MVS
- 1. open heart surgery
- 2. balloon valvuloplasty
- 3. valve replacement
- 4. medication

Author

emendoza

67041

Card Set

pathology unit1

Description

heart pathology

Updated

2011-02-17T16:50:17Z

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