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Nonspecific defense mechanisms consist of :
The 1st line of defense and the 2nd line of defense.
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The specific defense mechanisms (immune system) consists of :
The 3rd line of defense.
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Which defense mechanism provides protection against foreign invaders (remembers)?
Specific defense mechanism which is the body's 3rd line of defense.
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What does the body's 1st line of defense consist of?
- "Surface barriers"
- -Intact skin
- -Mucous membranes and their secretions
- -Normal microbiota
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What does the body's 2nd line of defense consist of?
- "Internal defenses"
- -Phagocytic white blood cells
- -Antimicribual proteins
- -The inflammatory response
- -Fever
- -Natural killer cells
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What does the body's 3rd line of defense consist of?
- "Humoral & Cellular Immunity"
- -Lymphocytes (B & T cells)
- -Antibodies
- -Memory cells are produced
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A protein produced in response to an antigen:
antibody
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A foerign substance whose surface molecules are different from your own cells; "non-self markers":
Antigen
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Microscopic organism:
Microbe
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Microorganism capable of producing disease; bacteria, viruses, fungi, protozoan, and parasites:
Pathogen
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The body's 1st and 2nd lines of defense are known as the nonspecific, or ___ defenses.
innate
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The body's 3rd line of defense is known as the specific, or ___ defense.
adaptive
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In regards to your body's adaptive immunity, what are the two subgroups?
- -Humoral Immunity -- B cells
- -Cellular Immunity -- T cells
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Adaptive immunity is ___ immunity.
acquired
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Regarding the body's 2nd line of defense in immunity, what do the phagocytic white blood cells consist of?
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Why are phagocytes important to innate/nonspecific immunity?
They attract, ingest, & digest harmful microbes with the help of lysosomal enzymes.
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As a result of tissue injury, damaged cells release chemical signals such as:
histamines, prostaglandins, kinins, and leukotrienes.
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After the chemical signals have been released from the damaged tissue, ___, fluid, and blood clotting elements moved to the damaged tissues to begin the healing process.
phagocytes
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Regarding inflammation, increased blood flow is known as:
vasodilation.
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Vasodilation allows for increased vessel permeability, which is helpful for ___ ___.
phagocyte migration
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After tissue damage, chemical signals are released to begin vasodilation to increase phagocyte migration. What is the next/final step?
Phagocytes (macrophages and neitrophils) consime phatogens and cell debris; tissue heals.
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What are the 4 signs of acute imflammation?
Heat, redness, pain, and swelling.
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Some, more severe cases of inflammation constitute a 5th sign. What is this sign?
Possible, temporary limitation of joint movement.
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What line if defense is the body's complement involved with?
The 2nd line of defense.
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The classical pathway of complement involves ___, water soluble protein molecules that the adaptive immune system produces to fight off foerign invaders.
antibodies
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Process that coats bacterial surfaces, which enhances phagocytosis:
Opsonization
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The complement pathway can be thought of as a ___; each step catalyzes the next.
cascade
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What does APC stand for?
Antigen presenting cell
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The humoral immune response consists of the activity of __ cells, and the ___ they produce.
B & antibodies
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The "generals" of the immune system are thought to be the ___ _ cells.
helper T
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Helper T cells are activated by _ _ _s.
APC (antigen presenting cells)
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What two types of cells does a B cell proliferate into once acativated by the Helper T cell?
Either a Memory B cell or a Plasma cell.
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What is the purpose of the Memory B cell?
To help with long term immunity.
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What is the purpose of the plasms cell that results from the activation of a B cell?
The plasma cell secretes antibodies against the antibody that activated them.
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T-lymphocytes are associated with which type of immunity?
Cell-mediated.
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T-lymphocytes can be broken down into two groups:
- 1. Helper T cells
- 2. Cytotoxic T cells
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What is the difference between a helper T cell and a cytotoxic T cell?
Helper t cells only secrete cytokines that activate other cells involved in humoral immunity, but cytotoxic T cells attack infected cells directly.
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When a helper T cell activates a cytotoxic T cell, it can then split into either a long term ___ _ cell or a ___ _ cell.
memory T cell & killer t cell
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What is the purpose of Killer T cells?
To attack and destroy infected, or abnormal body cells (like cancer cells)
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Upon the second exposure to an antigen, the secondary immune response:
rapidly produces antibodies to fight the infecting microbes.
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What are the two types of acquired immunity?
Natural and Artificial
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What is the example for an active, naturally acquired immunity?
Infection; contact with the pathogen.
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What is the example for an passive, naturally acquired immunity?
Antibodies pass from mother to fetus either through the placenta or through breast milk.
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What is the example for an active, artifically acquired immunity?
Vaccine; dead or attenuated pathogens
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What is the example for an passive, artificially acquired immunity?
Injection of immune serum (gamma globulin)
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