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centeral nervous system - parts and functions
includes brain and spinal cord. functions: receive and process information and to regulate all bodily activity
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CNS
- centeral nervous system
- Abbrev?
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peripheral nervous system - parts and functions
parts: 12 pairs of cranial nerves nd 31 pairs pairs of peripheral spinal nerves. function: transmit nerve signals to and from the cenetral nervous system
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PNS
peripheral nervous system
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ganglion
nerve center made of a cluster of nerve cell bodies outside the CNS.
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plexus
netword of intersecting spinal nerves
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ascending nerve tracts
carry nerve impulses towards the brain
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descending nerve tracts
carry nerve impulses away from the brain
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neurons
basic cells of the nervous system that allow different parts of the body to communicate with each other
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dendritets
root-like processes( extend out from the cell body) that receive impulses and conduct them to the cell body
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axon
process that extends away from the cell body and conducts impulses away from the nerve cell
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terminal end of fibers
branching fibers at the end of the axon that lead the nervous impulse from the axon to the synapse
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synapse
spce betwen two neurons or between a neuron and a receptor organ
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neurotransmitters
chemical susbstances that make it possible for messages to cross from the synapse of a neuron to the target receptor
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glial cells - functions and support
support: support and protection for neurons. functions: surround neurons and hold them in place. 2. supply nutrients and O2 to neurons. 3. insulate one nuron from another. 4. destroy and remove dead neurons
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myelin sheath
protective covering made up of glials cells
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meninges
system of membranes that enclose the brain and spinal cord of the central nervous
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dura mater
thick, touch, outermost membrane of the meninges
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cerebrospinal fluid also known as?
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cerebrospinal fluid
produced by special capillaries within the four ventricles located in the middle region of the cerebrum
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cerebral
pertianing to the cerebrum or to the brain
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thalamus
located below the cerebrum
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hypothalamus
located below the thalamus
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cerebellum
second-largest part of the rain. located at the back of the head elow the posterior portion of the cerebrum
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autonomic nervous system
organized into two divisions. [1. sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous system] controls the involuntary actions of the body such as functioning of internal organs
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sympathetic nervous system
prepares body for emergencies and stress by increasing the breatng rate, heart rate, and blood flow to muscles
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parasympathetic nervous system
returns body to normal after a response to stress. maintains normal body functions during ordanary circumstances that are not emotionally or physically stressful
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anesthesiologist
physician who specializes in administering anesthetic agens before and during surgery
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anesthetist
medical professional who spec. in administering anesthesia but is not a physician, for example, a nurst anesthetist
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neurologist
physician who specializ. in diagnosing and treating diseases and disorders of the nervou system
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psychiatrist
physician who specializ. in diagnosin and treating chemical dependencies, emotional problems, and mental illness
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psychologist
holds an advanced degree but not MD. evaluates and treats emotional problems and mental illness
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cephalalgia is also known as?
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migrane headache
preceded by a waning aura, characterized by throbbing pain on one side of the head
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encephalocele
congenital herniation of brain tissue through a gap in the skull
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meningocele
congenital herniation of the meninges through a defect in the skull or spinal column
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hydrocephalus
condition in which excess cerebrospinal fluid accumulates in the ventricles of the brain
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meningitis
inflammation of the meninges of the brain and spinal cord
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alzheimer's disease
group of disorders involving the parts of the brain that control thought, memory, and language
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cognition
describes the mental activities associated with thinking, learning, and memory
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dementia
slowly progressive decline in mental abilities, including memory, thinking, and judgment, that is often ccompanied by personality changes
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encephalitis
inflammation of the brain
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parkinson's disease
chronic, degenerative central nervous disorder characterized by fine muscle remors, rigidity, and slow or shuffling gait
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PD
- Parkinson's disease
- abbrev?
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Reye's syndrome
potentially serious or deadly disorder in children that is characterized by vomiting and confusion
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tetanus
acute and potentially fatal infection of the CNS caused by toxin produced by the tetanus bacteria
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concussion
violent shaking up or jarring of the brain
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cerebral contusion
bruising of the brain tissue as the result of a head injury that causes the brain to bounce against the rigid bone of the skull
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cranial hematoma
collection of blood trapped in the tissues of the brain
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shaken baby syndrome
results of a child being violently shaken by someone
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lethargy
lowered level of consciousness maked by listlessness, drowsiness, and apath.
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stupor
unresponsive state from which a person can be aroused only briefly and with vigorous, repeated attempts
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syncope
brief loss of consciousness caused by the decreased flow of blood to the brain
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coma
profound (deep) state of unconsciousness marked by the absence of spontaneous eye movements, no response to painful stimuli, and lack of speech
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delirium
acute condition of confusion, disorientations, disrodered thinking and memory, agitation, and hallucinations
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cerebrovascular accident also known as?
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cerebrovascular accident
damage to the brain that occurs when the blood flow to the brain is disrupted because of blood vessel is either blocked or has ruptured
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ischemic stroke
most common type of stroke in older ppl, occurs when flow of blood to the brain is blocked
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aphasia
often caused by brain damage associated with a stroke, loss of ability to speak, write, and or comprehend the written or spoken word
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hemorrhagic stroke
blood vessel in the brain leaks. when aneurysm (weak, balloon like enlargement of an artery wall, within the brain ruptures
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narcolepsy
sleep disorder consisting of sudden and unctrollable brief episodes of falling asleep during the day
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myelitis
inflammation of the spinal cord
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cervical radiculopathy
nerve pain caused by pressure on the spinal nerve roots in the neck region
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multiple sclerosis
progressive autoimmune disorder characterized by inflammation that causes demyelination of the myelin sheath
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amyotrophic lateral sclerosis also known as?
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amyotrophic lateral sclerosis
rapidly progressive neurological disease that attacks the nerve cells responsible for controlling voluntary muscles
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Bell's palsy
temporary paralysis of the seventh cranial nerve that causes paralysis only of the affected side of the face
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Guillain-Barre syndrome also known as?
- infectious polyneuritis
- official name?
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Guillain-Barre syndrome
inflmmation of the myelin sheath of peripheral nerves
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sciatica
inflammation of the sciatic nerve that results in pain, burning, and tingling along the course of the affected sciatic nerve through the thigh, leg, and foot
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trigeminal neuralgia
characterized by severe lightning-like pain due to an inflammation of the fifth cranial nerve
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cerebral palsy
condition characterize by poor muscle control, spasticity, speech defects, and other neurologic deficiencies due to damage that affects the cerebrum
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spasticity
condition in which certain muscles are continously contracted
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palsy
paralysis of a body part that is often accomanied by loss of feeling and uncontrolled body movements, such as shaking
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epilepsy
chronic neurological condition characterized by recurrent episodes of seizures of carying severity
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seizure disorder also known as?
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seizure
sudden surge of electrical activity in the brain that affects how a person feels or acts for a short time
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causalgia
persistent, severe burning pain that usually follows an injury to a sensory nerve
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hyperesthesia
condition of abnormal and excessive sensitivity to touch, pain, or other sensory stimuli
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paresthesia
burning or prickling senstaion that is sually felt in the hands, arms, legs, or feet, but can also occur in other parts of the body
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peripheral neuropathy also known as?
- peripheral neuritis
- another name?
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peripheral neuropathy
disorder of the nerves that carry information to and from the brain and spinal cord
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carotid ultrasonography
ultrasound study of the carotid artery
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echoencephalography
use of ultrasound imagining to diagnose a shift in the midline structures of the brain
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myelography
radiographic study of the spinal cord after the injection of a contrast medium through a lumbar puncture
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anesthetic
medication used to induce anesthesia. the aneshtetic may be topical, local, regional, or general
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epidural anesthesia
regional anesthesia produced by injecting a local nesthetic into the epidural space of the lumbar or sacral region of the spine
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anxiety disorders
mental conditions characterized by excessive, irrational dread of everyday situation, or fear that is out of proportion to the real danger in a situation
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obsessive-compulsive disorder
anxiety disorder characterized by recurrent, unwanted repetitive thoughts or impulses and/or recurrent unwanted impulses to act
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panic attack
characterized by a group of intense emotional feelings that incude apprehension, fearfulness, and terror
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PTSD
- posttraumatic stress disorder
- abbrev?
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posttraumatic stress disorder
develp after an event involving actual or threatened death or injury to the individual or someone else, during which the person felt intense fear, helplessness, or horror
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acrophobia
excessive fear of being in high places
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dyslexia also known as?
- developmental reading disorder
- MT?
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dyslexia
learning disability characterized by substandard reading achievement due to the inability of the brain to process symbols
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claustrophobia
bnormal fear of being in narrow or enclosed spaces
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factitious disorder
condition in which an individual acts as if he or she has a physical or mental illness when he or she is not realy sick
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trichotillomania
disorder characterized by the repeated pulling out of one's own hair
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delusion
false personal belief that is maintained despite obvious proof or evidence to the contrary
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halucination
sensory perception experienced in the absence of an external stimulation
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schizophrenia
psycotic disorder usually characterized by withdraw from reality, illogical patterns of thinking, delusions, and hallucinations, and accompanied in cary degress by other emotional, behavioral, or intellectual disturbances
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hypochondriasis
fearing that one has a serious illness despite appropriate medical eval and reassurance.
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delirium tremens
disorder involving sudden and severe mental changes or seizures caused by abruptly stopping the use of alcohol
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