CH9

long-standing discussion over the relative importance of nature (heredity) & nuture (environment) in their influence on behavior & mental processes

a pair who started life as a single fertilized egg, which later split into two distinct individuals, have exactly the same genes

• a pair who started life as two seperate fertilized eggs that happened to share the same womb
• 50% of genetic material in common

perspective that development is gradual & continuous

perspective that development proceeds in an uneven fashion

periods of life initiated by significant transitions or changes in physical or psychological functioning

developmental period before birth

a fertilized egg

the name for the developing organism during the first eight weeks after conception

term for developing organism between the embryonic stage & birth

• organ interface between the embryo or fetus & the mother
• seperates the blood streams
• allows the exchange of nutrients & waste products

substances from the environment (viruses, drugs, & other chemicals) that can damage the developing organism during the prenatal stage

extends through the first month after birth

enduring social-emotional relationship between a child & parent or other regular caregiver

a primitive form of learning in which some young animals follow & form an attachment to the first moving object they see & hear

stimulation & reassurance derived from the physical touch of a caregiver

• Piaget's theory
• mental structures or programs that guide a developing child's thought

a mental process that modifies new information to fit it into existing schemas

a mental process that restructures existing schemas so that new information is better understood

• 1st stage of Piaget's theory
• child relies heavily on innate motor responses to stimuli

the knowledge that objects exist independently of one's own actions or awareness

• 2nd stage of Piaget's theory
• marked by well developed mental representation & the use of language

• Piaget's throy
• the self-centered inability to realize that there are other viewpoints beside one's own

a preoperational mode of thought in which inanimate objects are imagined to have life & mental processes

a preoperational thought pattern involving the inability to take into account more than one factor at a time

the inability, in the preoperational child, to think through a series of events or mental operations & then mentally reverse the steps

• 3rd stage of Piaget's theory
• when a child understands conservation but still is incapable of abstract thought

the understanding that the physical properties of an object or substance do not change when appearances change but nothing is added or taken away

an awareness that other people's behavior may be influenced by beliefs, desires, & emotions that differ from one's own

• an individual's characteristic manner of behavior or reaction
• assumed to have a strong genetic basis

difference between what a child can do with help & what the child can do without any help or guidence

• Erikson's theory
• developmental stages refer to eight major challenges that appear successively across the lifespan, require an individual to rethink his or her goals & relationships with others

in industrial societies, a developmental period beginning at puberty & ending (less clearly) at adulthood

onset of sexual maturity

sec organs & genitals

gender-related physical features that develop during puberty

• last of Piaget's stage
• the abstract thought appears

• Erikson's theory
• process of making a commitment beyond oneself to family, work, society, or future generations

refusing to believe the individual is sick

• patient displays anger that they are sick
• "why me?!"

making a deal in return for a cure that will fulfill promises

• generally depressed
• affect includes sleep, loss of appetite, etc.

patient realizes death is inevitable & accepts fate

the tendency to move its head when stroked on the cheek, turn toward the stimulus as if searching for a nipple & open its mouth

when exposed to a loud noise or sudden drop, the neonate automatically arches his/her back, flings his/her limbs out & quickly retract them

• first menstrual period at about age 12.5
• marks female fertility
• male fertility begins at about age 14

the cessation of the ability to reproduce accompanied by a decrease in production of females sex hormones, usually at about age 50

the belief of the people that all objects are made by people

• Kohlberg's theory
• people's decisions are based on avoiding punishment or seeking rewards

• Kohlberg's theory
• people's decisions are based on the approval of others & society

• Kohlberg's theory
• people's decisions is based on higher morals & ethics

after absence baby is happy to see mother, receptive to her contact

after absence baby is angry & rejecting her mother, avoid her, ignores, or behaves inconsistently

sets up absolute & restrictive rules accompanied by punishment for disobedience

• focuses on flexible rules for which reasons are generally given
• parents are warm & nuture independence within guidelines

sets no firm guidelines for behavior & tends to give into demands of the child

the sociocultural dimension of being biologically male or female

sets of expectations that prescribe how males & females should act,think, or feel

person's sense of being male or female

mental set of what society considers appropriate behavior for each of the sexes

broad categories that reflect our impressions & beliefs about males & females

the presence of desirable masculine & feminine charateristics in one individual

anxiety that influences members of a group concerned that their performance will confirm a negative stereotype