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What microscope type can view 3d objects?
Stereo microscope
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Who observed the first cells?
Robert Hooke
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What year was the first cells found under a microscope?
1665
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What microscope works by passing visible light through the specimen?
Light microscope
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How does an electron microscope work?
Using a beam of electrons instead of light
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How does a scanning electron microscope (SEM) work?
Electron beams scan the surface of a cell group allowing them to be shown in 3d
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How does a transmission electron microscope(TEM) work?
Electrons are scanned through a thin slice of a specimen 2d
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What are the the smallest cells of bacteria called?
Mycoplasmas
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What are some of the bulkiest cells?
Bird Eggs
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What unit of measure is used for for cell sizes?
- Micro meter (um)
- 0.000001 m (1 X 10-6 m)
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A _____ is a basic unit of life
cell
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Cells were first observed by _____________
Robert Hooke
1665 in bark (plant cell walls)
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The first microscope observations described structures that looked like:
cellulae (little rooms) that a monk would live in
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Drawing of the structure of cork by Robert Hooke that appeared in
Microgrphia
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Bacterial cells (moving cells) were 1st observed by
Antoni van Leeuwenhoek ~ 1675.
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Who described moving bacterial cells as animalcules
Antoni van Leeuwenhoek
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What did Antoni van Leeuwenhoek describe moving bacterial cells as.
animalcules
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Cell Theory (three parts)
1) All living things or organisms are made of cells and their products.
2) New cells are created by old cells dividing into two.
3) Cells are the basic building units of life
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A what uses light rays passing through lenses to magnify translucent samples
Light microscope
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Specific molecules are tagged with fluorescent dyes is:
Fluorescence Microscopy
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All cells have 3 features in common:
1) A plasma membrane is a phospholipidbilayer that separates the cell from its environment (“traffic cop” of cells).
2) Chromosome(s) carry genes made of DNA.
3) Ribosomes are where protein synthesis takes place.- made of 2 subunits
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Domain Bacteria & Domain Archaea both consist of
prokaryotes, which are unicellular and microscopic.
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Prokaryotes have what two charactaristics:
DNA coiled in a nucleoid region (not in a membrane-bound nucleus)
No membrane-bound organelles
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No membrane-bound organelles is for what type of cells:
prokaryotes
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Domain Eukarya consists of
eukaryotes
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eukaryotes contain waht two items
nucleus and organelles
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Domain Eukarya consists of eukaryotes, which contain a nucleus and organelles and what else:
DNA located in a membrane-boundnucleus- Membrane-bound organelles
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Eukaryotic cells are partitioned into _________ where cellular ________occurs.
compartments
metabolism
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Eukaryotic cells have what features:
- - enclosed by membranes
- - fluid-filled
- - maintain conditions that favor particular metabolic processes and activities: cellular metabolis
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The plasma membrane is:
A phospholipid bilayer that separates the cell from its environment (“traffic cop” of cells)
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A phospholipid bilayer that separates the cell from its environment (“traffic cop” of cells) is:
The plasma membran
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What are the 4 types of life processes occur in eukaryotic cells.
- 1. Manufacturing
- 2. Breakdown of molecules
- 3. Energy processing
- 4. Structural support, movement, and communicatio
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Manufacturing involves:
- 1)Nucleus
- 2)Ribosomes
- 3)Endoplasmic reticulum
- 4)Golgi apparatus– The manufacturing of a protein involves all of these
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The ______ control’s the cell’s activities by directing ___________ and is responsible for inheritance (contains most of the cell’s DNA in chromosomes).
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Eukaryotic chromosomes are made up of _______ , which is a complex of proteins and DNA.
chromatin
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Before a cell divide, its_____ is copied within the _________.
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The ____________ is a double membrane with pores that allow material to flow in and out of the nucleus.
nuclear envelope
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The _______ is the site where __________ is synthesized.
-
_________ are the cellular components that carry out protein synthesis
Ribosomes
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Ribosomes are synthesized in the ______, which is found in the ________
-
Cells that must synthesize large amounts ________ of have a large number of _________
-
Ribosomes can be _______or ______.
free or bound
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Free ribosomes are suspended in the ______
cytoplasm
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Bound ribosomes are attached to the __________ associated with the ________.
- endoplasmic reticulum (ER)
- nuclear envelope
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The endoplasmic reticulum is a _______.
biosynthetic factory
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2 types of Endoplasmic Reticulum:
1)Smooth ER does not have attached ribosomes.
2)Rough ER has ribosomes attached to the outer surface
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Smooth ER does not have __________
attached ribosomes
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Rough ER has ________ attached to the outer surface.
ribosomes
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Smooth ER is involved in a variety of diverse metabolic processes, like _________
enzyme production to then synthesize lipid
-
Rough ER makes more _________ for itself and makes ______ that are destined for secretion to other parts of the cell (in transport vesicles)
-
Many transport vesicles travel to the ___________
Golgi Aparatus
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Molecular warehouse and finishing factory is the_______
Golgi Apparatus
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The Golgi apparatus modifies _______ manufactured by the _______.
-
One side of the Golgi apparatus functions as a _____________ for the product and the other as a ____________
- receiving dock
- shipping dock
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Many cell organelles are connected through the __________ _______
endomembrane system
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___________ ____________ is a network of mebranes inside and around a eukaryotic cell, related either through direct physical contact or by the transfer of vesicles (membranous sacs)
endomembrane syste
-
________carry out protein synthesis in the rough ER
Ribosomes
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The protein is transported in a vesicle from the ER to the ___________ for modification
Golgi apparatus
-
What are the 4 types of life processes occur in eukaryotic cells.
- 1. Manufacturing
- 2. Breakdown of molecules
- 3. Energy processing
- 4. Structural support, movement, and communication
-
4 types of life processes occur in eukaryotic cells depend on what?
structures and organelles.
-
Breakdown of Molecules (the 3 “-omes”)
- 1) Lysosomes (not in plant cells)
- 2) Vacuoles
- 3) Peroxisome
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__________ contain digestive hydrolytic enzymes enclosed in a membranous sac that is pinched off from the rough ER and is reabsorbed into the Golgi apparatus.
Lysosomes
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_________ are other membranous sacs that are pinched off from the plasma membrane - have various functions. i.e. food vacuole
Vacuoles
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___________ degrade hydrogen peroxide.- involved in breakdown of fatty acids and alcohol detoxificatio
Peroxisomes
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_________ recycle damaged parts of a cell.
Lysosomes
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What is the process for lysomes to repair a cell:
1st, the damaged organelle is enclosed in a membrane vesicle.Next, a lysosome fuses with the vesicle and enzymatically breaks down (digests) the damaged organelle
-
Energy processing involves:
- 1) Mitochondria in animal cells
- 2) Chloroplasts in plant cells
-
__________carry out cellular respiration; contain mitochondrial DNA
Mitochondria
-
Cellular respiration is:
the process that converts the chemical energy of food (sugars) to the chemical energy of ATP(adenosine triphosphate); conversion in the mitochondrial matrix
-
________ is the main energy source for cellular work
ATP
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______ are the photosynthesizing organelles of plants.
Chloroplasts
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_____________ is the conversion of light energy from the sun to chemical energy of sugar molecules
Photosynthesis
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Structural support, movement & communication involves:
- 1) Plasma Membrane
- 2) Cytoskeleton
- 3) Cell Wall (not in animal cells)
-
The __________ is a network of protein fibers that functions in cell structural support and motility
cytoskeleton
-
Microfilaments are:
solid rods made of actin proteins; just inside plasma membrane; help support cell shape
-
Microtubules are:
- hollow tubes made of tubulin proteins; help shape & support cell
- and act as tracks. i.e. Lysosome walks along microtubule to reach a
- food vacuole.
-
Plant cell walls are composed primarily of _________
cellulos
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The __________ is a rigid extracellular structure that protects the cell and provides skeletal support that helps keeps the plant upright against gravit
plant cell wall
-
Plant cells have cell junctions called __________that allow for communication between cells
plasmodesmata
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It is hypothesized that ________ and __________evolved by endosymbiosis
-
Both _______ and ________ have (1) DNA and (2) ribosomes that are very similar to that found in prokaryotic cells, and mitochondria and chloroplasts replicate much like prokaryotes
-
The hypothesis of _________ proposes that mitochondria and chloroplasts were formerly small prokaryotes that began living within larger cell
endosymbiosis
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