-
Microorganism is present or invades a host, grows and/or multiplies but does not cause infection:
colonization
-
Diseae that can be transmitted directly from one person to another is termed a:
communicable disease
-
If pathogens multiply and cause clinical signs and symptoms, the infection is:
symptomatic
-
If clinical signs and symptoms are not present, the illness is termed:
-
-
to prevent growth and reproduction of bacteria
bacteriostasis
-
A temp or chemical that destroys bacteria is called:
bactericidal
-
This is one of the most bacterially contaminated sites of the human body:
mouth
-
The major route of transmission for pathogens identified in the health care setting is the:
unwashed hands of the health care worker
-
Some of the factors that influence a person's susceptibility (resistance) to a pathogen include:
Age, nutritional status, presence of chronic disease, trauma, smoking
-
If an infection is __________ the client usually experiences localized symptoms such as pain and tenderness and redness at the wound site.
localized
-
An infection that affects the entire body instead of just a single organ is:
SYSTEMATIC and can become fatal if undetected & untreated
-
Stage of infection in which pathogen enter body (carrier)
incubation
-
Most contagious stage of infection in which person might experience a symptom or two, just don't feel good
Prodromal Stage
-
Full blown stage of infection when all symptoms are present
Illness stage
-
Stage of infection in which symptoms start to go away (not as contagious)
Convalescence Stage
-
Infection occurs in a cycle that depends on the presence of all of the following elements: (chain of infection)
- *An infectious agent or pathogen
- *A reservoir
- *Portal of exit
- *Mode of transmission
- *Portal of entry
- *susceptible host
-
___________is a protective vascular reaction that delivers fluid, blood products and nutrients to an area of injury.
Inflammation
-
Signs of localized inflammation may include:
- -swelling
- -redness
- -heat
- -pain/tenderness
- -loss of function in affected body part
-
When inflamation becomes systemic, other signs & symptoms develop including:
- -fever -lymph node enlarg
- -leukocytosis -organ failure
- -malaise
- -anorexia
- -nausea
- -vomiting
-
The vascular inflammatory response Vasolilatation results in:
an increase in local blood flow causing redness and warmth at the injured site due to the greater volume of blood.
Also delivers WBC's to injured tissue
-
Vascular inflammatory Response:
tissue damage results in release of chem.mediators that > the perm. of smal blood vessels. Resulting in fluid entering interstitial spaces; accumulating and causing ________
Edema (localized swelling)
-
Cellular Response of inflammation:
WBC's pass through blood vessels & into tissues. Through the process of ______, specialized WBC's _______&_______, ingest & destroy microorganisms
- phagocytosis
- neutrophils
- monocytes
-
If inflammation becomes systemic other signs develop such as _______, which is an increase in the number of circulating WBC's
Leukocytosis
-
A serum WBC is normally ____to_____
But may rise to _____to______ and higher during inflammation
normal range: 5,000-10,000/mm3
can rise: 15,000/20,000/mm3
-
______is caused by phagocytic release of pyrogens from bacterial cells that cause a rise in the hypothalamic set point.
Fever
-
Accumulation of fluid/dead tissue cells and WBC's forms an _______ at the site of inflammation.
(clear, like plasma)________
(containing red blood cells)___________
(containing WBC's/bacteria)__________
Inflammatory EXUDATE
- clear: serous
- cont. red blood cells: sanguineous
- cont. WBC's/bacteria: purulent
-
Tissue repair due to inflammation:
Damaged cells are replaced w/healthy cells and gradually mature until they resemble the previous cells. If inflammation is chronic, tissue defects may fill w/__________(scar tissue)
granulation tissue (not as strong as tissue collagen)
-
A health care-aquired infection is called:
noscomial
(HAI's) Health care-associated infection
-
This is a type of nosocomial or HAI infection resulting from a diagnostic or therapeutic procedure
Iatrogenic infection
-
An _______ organism is one that is present outside the client and causes infection:
ex: a postop infection is an _________
- EXOGENOUS organism
- EXOGENOUS infection
-
An _________ can occur when part of the pt. flora becomes altered & an overgrowth results.
ex: a pt. is placed on several antibiotics in the hospital & develops C. difficile infection as a result
ENDOGENOUS infection
-
Major sites for noscomial or HAI's are:
1.
2.
3.
4.
- 1. urinary tract
- 2. surgical or traumatic wounds
- 3. respiratory tract
- 4. bloodstream
-
An age-related decline in immune system function, termed ____, increases the body's susceptibility to infection & slows overall immune response
immune senescence
-
Older adults are less capable or producing _______ to combat challenges to the immune system. When antibodies ARE produced, the duration of their response is _____and fewer cells are produced
-
Risks associated w/the development of noscomial infections in older clients include:
1.
2.
3.
- 1. poor nutrition
- 2. unintentional weight loss
- 3. low serum albumin levels
-
By knowing/assessing the factors that increase susceptibility/risk for infection & recognizing early signs/symptoms, the nurse is able to plan appropriate interventions:
ex: a smoker is at > risk for acquiring a respiratory tract infection after general surgery b/cause respiratory cilia are less likely to propel retained mucus from the client's airways
-
Any reduction in the body's primary or secondary defenses against infection places pt at > risk. **some defense mechanisms are:
- skin
- mouth
- eye
- respiratory tract
- urinary tract
- gastrointestinal tract
- vagina (see pg 647 for actions)
-
Many factors influence susceptibility to infection such as:
- 1. age
- 2. nutritional status
- 3. Stress
- 4. Disease process(diseases of immune)
- 5. Medical therapy
-
_______ are the most common cause of communicable illness in young/middle-age adults.
viruses
-
Stress:
When stressed, the bmr > as body uses energy stores. If stress continues, elevated cortisone levels result in <resistance to infection
Ex: meningitis is a seasonal disease commonly occurring in colleges around exam time. students are under stress, not eating properly & not getting enough strength. Resistance is lowered & they are more prone to illness
-
Normal adult values:
WBC count __________
Erythrocytes sedimentation rate _______
Iron level _________
Cultures or urine & blood ________
Cultures & Gram Stain _________
- WBC 5000-10,000/mm3
- Erythrocytes 15mm/hr(men)20mm/hr fem
- Iron level 60-90 g/100ml
- gram stain cultures:no WBC's on stain
-
Percentage of each type of WBC
-neutrophils
-lymphocytes
-monocytes
-eosinophils
-basophils
- n. 55-70% >pus forming infection
- l. 20-40% >chronic bacterial/viral infect
- m 5-10% >protozoan,rickettsial,TB infe
- e 1-4% >parasitic infection
- b 0.5-1.5% Normal during infection
-
_______is the absence of pathogenic microorganisms
asepsis
-
Clean technique-inclues procedures used to reduce and prevent the spread of microbes
ex: hand hygiene, clean gloves, cleaning environment
Medical asepsis
-
_____ describes a process that eliminates many or all microbes except spores
______complete elimination of microbes including spores
disinfection
sterilization
-
1st & most important tier is standard precautions
What are these?
- Hands are washed
- gloves are worn when touching body fluid
- masks are worn for splash occurrences
- gowns worn if soiling/clothing is likely
- equipment is cleaned properly
- discard shaps instruments properly
-
Tier two: Isolation
What are these?
- airborn precautions - mask (measles)
- droplet precautions - mask (mumps)
- contact precautions- gloves & gown (respiratory synctial virus, scabies)
-
Standard precautions apply to all blood, all body fluids (except sweat) nonintact skin and mucous membranes
-
Prepare for intrance into isolation room by applying precautions in what order?
- 1. gown
- 2. surgical mask or respirator
- 3. eyewear/goggles
- 4. clean gloves
-
Removing items after leaving pt isolation room go in what order?
- 1. gloves
- 2. eyewear
- 3. gown
- 4. mask/respirator
-
This prevents contamination of an open wound, serves to isolate the operative area from the unsterile environment & maintains a sterile field for surger
- surgical asepsis
- use during: insertion of IV catheters/central lines; skin's integrity is broken as result of trauma, surgical incision or burns. insertion of catheters/surgical instr. into sterile body cavities
-
Principles of Surgical asepsis:
1. sterile remains sterile only when touching sterile (anything else unsterile)
2. sterile objects ONLY on a sterile field
3. out of sight/below waist = unsterile
4. air currents =unsterile
5. wet to sterile =unsterile
6. fluid flow due to gravity = unsterile
7. 1" border of field = unsterile
|
|
