Chapter 18 Test

An intense phase of technological development and improvement in society

those who risked their wealth by investing in new technology or new buisness ventures

• introduced by Adam Smith
• the use of private money or goods to produce a profit of more money goods

introduction of new american crops such as potatoes and corn which contributed to food supply and farming advances

• land was divided into strips and worked by the villagers
• one third of the land remained unplanted so that the soil could be replenished with nutrients
• part of the land was common- anyone could farm

• a method of alternating different kinds of crops to preserve soil fertility
• crops grew healthier too

• Jethro Tull introduced it in 1701
• Allowed people to use seeds more efficiently by planting them in regular rows and at the proper depth rather than scattering them by hand over a wide area
• Tull also developed the horse drawn hoe

when land owners enclosed their land with hedgerows to stop communal farmers farming on their land for free

• also called the putting out system
• people worked from their homes
• merchants bought wool from a farmer and distributed it to villiages and townspeople to clean weave or spin into yarn in winter.
• Successful because production costs were low
• Unsuccessful if winter ended and they went out to farm early

• a muscle powered wooden machine that could spin eight cotton threatds at a time
• quickly replaced the spinning wheel

• developed the waterframe
• built one of englands first factories in Cromford
• father of the factory system

a large water powered spinning machine

invented the first power loom which eventually drove handweavers out of buisness

• Developed by Eli Whitney
• separated the seeds from cotton more quickly and efficiently than doing it by hand
• made cotton production in the US profitable

• the growth of cities
• increased dramatically in the 1800s

• became the dominant political philosophy of the new industrial middle class
• emphasized the importance of individual liberty in all areas
• focused on freedom of conscience, freedom of thought and speech, and freedom to persue your own economic interests
• liberals believed the govt should ensure equal treatment under the law for all people, despite wealth or social position

• Introduced by Jeremy Bentham
• argued that laws should be judged according to their usefullness
• laws that did not bring the greatest happiness of the greatest number were abandoned
• favored majority

• belief that individual interest must give way to the interests of society as a whole
• political equality was meaningless

• the capital and equipment needed to make and exchange goods and use them for the common good of the people
• goods and income were shared, not very good

• Charles Fourier introduced it
• people lived and worked together in perfect harmony and shared everything
• Robert Owen- famous utopian socialist
• nonexistant

Groups that organized due to frustration about conditions and working problems

• a general walkout of all workers in the union
• usually over wages
• more workers on strike, more pressure on employers

• said the govt should stay out of people's lives as much as possible
• thought govt power should be limited and the govt should promote eductaion

a steam powered engine which pulled a train of connected cars on iron rails at 30 mph

• American inventor and entreprenuer
• put a steam engine on his boat
• was successful on the Hudson River

• electric generator developed in 1831
• led to development of telegraph

developed Morse code- dots and dashes

• italian
• sent the first radio transmission across the Atlantic

burned gasoline directly inside the engine

• business organizations in which large numbers of people purchase shares of stocks or certificates of partial ownership
• raised large amounts of capital for investment

bought companies as investments and then sold them

• when a business controlled the production and sale of a product or service in order to dominate a particular market
• ex: Andrew Carnegee and railroads

• Combinations of similar businesses under the direction of a singel group
• reduced risks and competition

• idea that men belonged in the public world of business and got while women ran the household
• many middle class ppl believed in this

• founder of Evolution
• not liked by the church
• came up with the theory of natural selection in the origin of species

• survival of the fittest
• most fit pass on jeans and weak will die off

• belief by rich people that they were genetically superior to others because they had the "ability" to be rich
• manipulated theory

• Woman who studied radioactivity for xrays
• died of radioactive poisoning

• Wrote the Communist Mamifesto
• said that the poor would one day overthrow the rich violently

• new working class identified by marx
• would someday rise up and violently overpower the walthy

• new form of art and literature associated with strong emotion
• many romance novels from it

• new form of art and literature that represented real everyday life
• led to photography

Where the government completley controls everything about the citizens and there is no individuality