AP Euro- Industrial Revolution

Power supplies

• Animal/Human Powerà((BIG
• JUMP- food no longer the constraining factor) 1790s) H2O Power- fall line, like
• waterfallà
• (1840s) Steam power- coalà(1870s-1880s)
• Internal Combustion

Labor

• Poor farms and work houses for the
• deserving poor

Teach children a trade

Factory workers

16 hour days

Well established in England

Families working all together

• Allows for cloth the be produced
• on a larger scale

Another invention- the water wheel

• 1812, Activist Group
• Wanted to destroy mechanical Looms
• Unskilled workers loosing their market

• 1842
• Prevented women and children from working underground

• 1832
• Lowers property requirements to expand the franchise

• "people's charter of 1838" (1842
• Working class combines socialist ideas
• wanted parliament reform
• 6 demands on people's charter- annual elections for house of commons, universal male sufferage, secret ballot

• Unskilled- 16 hr days, 6 day week (women and children)
• Skilled- Men

• Ideologies- 1815 to 1848
• Introduced by the American and French Revolutions

• Central ideas were liberty and
• equality

• Wanted representative government,
• equality before the law, and the natural rights of man

• Economically called for laissez
• faire approach

• Marxists and socialists felt it
• did not go far enough to help working people

• Material goods become how people
• perceive you since you haven’t known the family for generations upon
• generations like the rural areas used to be.

• To move up on the social ladder,
• one must change their clothes and where they live

Conservative

• Austrian diplomat (in charge of
• foreign policy)

• He and conservatives believed the
• state should be as it was before 1789, with the monarchy, the aristocracy, and
• the church in control

• Saw liberalism as leading to
• bloodshed and revolution

Stability was prized

• Opposed nationalism since it
• threaten to tear apart the multi-national Austrian Empire

• Carlsbad Decrees: required the 38
• German States to root out subversive ideas in their universities and newspapers
• and created a committee with spies and informers to punish any liberal or
• radical organization

• Part of the Holy Alliance btwn
• Austria, Prussia, and Russia to stamp out revolutionary moments

• Rejected classicism (an artistic
• movement that looks back to the Greeks and Romans) and the enlightenments
• rationality, order, and restraint

• Believed in emotional exuberance,
• unrestrained imaginations and spontaneity

• Romantic artists tended to live
• dramatic lives, with suicides, duels, and a bohemian lifestyle.

• Romantic artists, Lord Byron,
• Goethe, Poe, Shelley, Sir Walter Scott, Wordsworth, Delacroix, Turner,
• Beethoven

• An Exhibition in 1848
• England
• Showed off the technological advancements of England , and their power durin ind. rev.

• 1833
• Limits women and children's work hours

1824

• Forbid workers to form unions and
• do collective bargaining.

Repealed in 1824

• 1825 combo act allowed unions but
• restricted what they could do.

• 1847
• Children can only work 10 hrs/day
• Took women and children out of the workforce

• Economy
• Liberals Pro
• Gov't doesn't regulate the Economy

1834

• Tried to bring together all of the
• trade unions

But it failed!

• Amalgamated
• Society of Engineers (British Trade Union)

• Growth of RR allowed for Unions to
• not only be local

Wanted sick and disabled benefits

Funeral allowance

Friendly society

Trade Union Act in 1871

• const. monarch, but he dies with no heir and Charles X destroys the monarchy
• and becomes abs. 1830 rev- put Louis Phillippe on throne as const. monarchist.

• Communism: violent revolution and
• NO private property and vs. socialism- non violent revolution, limit private
• property, social projects etc

Karl Marx

Communist Manifesto

• First to use the terms “bougie”
• and “prolat”

History is about class struggle

• Claims that the bougie exploits
• prolats

• Workers will rise up and seize the
• means of production, and then you will get a workers utopia in which all will
• work according abilities and receive according to their needs.

• All property will be held
• collectively

• Religion is what is stopping
• people from

• (Link with
• liberalism until 1848, NOT after)

• Each people had their own culture
• and history and deserved to rule themselves in their own country. Favored
• democracy and republicanism

• Really a faction at the time, even
• among one language there were dozens of dialects and little sense of common
• identity

• The press and increased education
• brought by industrialization actually created unified ethnicities, which then
• took on a life of their own.

• Way to justify self-rule and
• revolution

• French Utopian Socialism (comes b4
• communism and out of the Revolution)

• Government centrally planned
• Economy

Limited or no private property

• Rich and poor more equal
• economically (high taxes on the rich)

• Charles Fourier (most famous
• French socialist)

No marriage

Sexual Freedom

Equality of sexes

• Conservatism
• Part of Holy Alliance btwn Austria, Prussia, Russia to stamp out revolutionary moments

• At the time, he was right
• Principle of population (1795)
• Population grows faster than the food supply

• Iron Law of Wages
• Wages will always be at the substence level becausee population growth

• August, 1819
• Catalist for 6 acts
• Protest for Universal male sufferage

• 1846
• Import terrifs on grain to protect land owners at the expense of the workers

Ensuring Legitimacy

Rightful Monarchs restored

• Power in the hands of the
• conservative interests=the monarchy, the church, and the aristocracy

Compensation

• Nations that lost territory got
• territory in exchange

Balance of Power-

• Ensure that stability in Europe
• and that France was contained

• Made up of: Britain, Austria,
• Russia, Prussia, France

• Decided that the Congress of
• Vienna (1814-1815)

France-

• Restored Bourbons with Louis XVIII
• (again after Napoleon)

• Very leniently treated given 1792
• boundaries and paid no war reparations

Contained France-

Created a series of Buffer states

• Combines the Belgium and Holland
• to create the Kingdom of the NED

• Prussia also received territory to
• strengthen it

• Created German Confederation, a 39
• state group with Austria as a dominant power

Alliances-

• Continued to meet periodically to
• solve Europe’s disputes peacefully. Called the Congress System.

• Compensation- people are awarded
• for winning land

England got colonies of France

• Prussia got part of Saxony (but
• not all as it wanted)

• Russia got a puppet state of
• Poland (but a smaller one that it wanted)

• Austria lost Belgium but gained a
• lot in northern Italy

Liberals vs conservatives

• Liberals loose because of lack of
• unity, and the conservatives win

France

1815- restore Louis XVII (Burbon)

Constitutional monarchy

• Limited to elite (regardless of
• social class) votes

• Charles X (late 1820s) takes the
• throne (Louis has no male heirs)

• Gets rid of constitution and tries
• to be an absolute monarchy--- really STUPID

1830

• People of Paris rise up and put
• Louis Philippe on throne under a constitutional monarchy

• Before: Constitutional Monarchy
• with Louis Philippe

• Groups: Bourgeoisie/workers, Elite
• Bourgie/royals

• 2nd- All liberals-
• moderates who only want an extension of suffrage vs. the radicals who want
• universal male suffrage

• Goals: more male suffrage, freedom
• of speech and the press

2nd- right to work

• Results: Provisional gov’t/ 2nd
• republic to military ruleto 1848-Louis Napoleon is elected president to 1851-
• L.N. takes absolute power.

State of country before:

Conservative

• Controlled by long standing
• conservative minister

• He left the empire nearly bankrupt
• and in continual need of soldiers

Groups:

Nationalists

Socialists and Liberals

Goals of Revolution:

• Distraught by all of the
• separations of the Hapsburgs

Wanted to unify divisions

Wanted self determination

Results:

End of serfdon in Austria

Change in govt

• *the constitutional monarchy was
• short lived as Princess Sofia (wife of the king) tells the king to give the
• crown to her son (Franz Josef), which turns the country back into absolutism

Before:

Autocratic

Didn’t like Frederick III

• Promised a united German state and
• constitution

Groups:

National Assembly


King

• Goals of
• Revolution:

• Parliamentary
• voting

• Freedom of
• the press

Constitution

Results:

• Liberals
• loose

• 1850
• Frederick IV raises an army and takes back the country