-
atrophy
- decrese
- may result from
- lack of stimulation
- lack of nvs implusees
- decrease nutrients supply
- ischemia or decresed vascular suppy
-
Hypertrophy
- increase
- aka dilation
- most commonly effect heart and kidneys
-
hyperplasia
increase thro division(mitosis)
-
metaplasia
replace damaged or destroyed cells
-
dysplasia
abnormal change in shape and size from external stressor
-
Hypoxia cellular injury
- oxygen deficiency (hypoxia)
- blockage or reduction (ischemia)
- produces ketoacids (lacid)
-
chemical cellular injury
lead, CO, ethanol, drugs, instescticides
-
infectious cellular injury
pathogen= produce infection or disease
-
virulence (pathogenicity)
- its numbers
- depends on three things
- ablility to invade and destroy
- to produce toxins
- produce hypersensitiivity
-
immunologic/inflammatory cellular injury
body response to cell injury
-
physical cellular injury
- acids or alkalis
- temp
- atmospheric pressure
-
nutritional cellular injury
- to many nutrients intake
- to little nutrients intake
-
genetic cellular injury
- genetic predisposition
- defective genes
- altered chromosomes
-
anabolism
- "building up"
- turn noliving substances and turns them into living cytoplasm of the cell
-
catabolism
- "breaking down"
- converts complex substances into simipler substances
- releasing enegry
-
most common cellular effects seen
cell swelling and fatty change
-
fatty change
- lipids invade the area of injury
- mostly in liver
-
apoptosis
- confined to local region
- destroys nonfunctional cells
-
necrosis
- pathological process.
- 4 types
-
coagulative necrosis
- cells become firm and opaque
- like cooked egg white
- results from hypoxia
- in kidneys heart and adrenal glands
-
liquefactive necrosis
- cells become liquid
- common in ischemic death in brain cellls
-
caseous necrosis
- takes on cottage cheese look
- from lung infection
-
fatty necrosis
- fatty acids combine with calcium, sodium, megnesium ions to create soaps(saponification)
- breast and abdominal structures
-
gangrenous necrosis
tissue death over wide area
-
dry gangrene
- mostly on lower extremities
- turing drying shrunken and black
-
wet gangrene
- results from liquefactive necrosis
- affects internal organs
-
gas gangrene
- from bacterial infection of injured tissue
- gas bubbles in cells
-
necrosis lacks?
specificity and will destroy not only injuried but neighborring cells
-
causes of edema
- d in plasma oncotic force
- i BP
- i capillary permeability (from inflammation or immune)
- lympathic channel obstruction
-
-
HBOCs
- fluids that have ability to transport o2
- have polymerized hemoglobin
-
colloids
- proteins
- that stay in intravascular space
-
Albumin
works to maintain blood volume and blood pressure
-
respiratory acidosis
- retention of c02
- d in ph
- treat: improve vent
-
respiratory alkalosis
- increased respiration
- excessive elimination of c02
- i in ph
-
metabolic acidosis
- results from dehydration
- d in ph
-
metabolic alkalosis
- usually causes by diuretics(loss of cloride ions)
- i in ph
-
immunologic disorders
rheumatic fever allergies asthma
-
rheumatic fever
from inadequate nutrition and crowded living
-
breast cancer
- occuring after age 60 to 75
- first degree relative increase it by 2-3 times
-
most common endocrine disorder
diabetes
-
diabetes type 1
pancreas produces no to little insulin
-
diabetes type 2
- 80% all cases
- decrease insulin receptor response
-
hemochromatosis
- excessive absorption in iron
- causes weight loss
-
crohns disease
chronic inflammation of the digestive wall tract that usaully affects the small intestine
-
peptic uclers
inflammation of lining from digestive juices
-
cholecystitis
inflammation of the gallbladder
-
Ms
affects the nerve of the eye, brain and the spinal cord
-
hypoperfusion
inadequate perfusion to the body
-
causes of hypoperfusion
- inadequate pump
- inadequate preload
- inadequate afterload
- inadequate HR
- inadequate fluid
- inadequate container
-
shock at cellular level
impairment of cellular metabolism
-
anaerobic metabolism
does not require 02
-
glycolysis produces
pyruvic acid, yields very little energy
-
areobic metabolism
- requires 02
- pyruvic acid is degraded into c02, water and energy in the process called KREBS
-
gluconeogenesis
break down of fats(lipids) to form glucose
-
compensation
detected bt d in arterial blood pressure
-
cardiogenic shock
- failure of heart to pump enough blood to suplly all bdy parts
- reduced BP
-
-
-
-
dobutamine for
i contractile force
-
hypovolemic shock
- loss of intravascular fluid
- pale cool and clammy
- low bp and slow hr
-
neurogenic shock
- from brain or spinal cord injury
- warm, red dry skin
-
anaphylactic shock or anaphylaxis
- allergic response is very severe
- laryngeal edema is often a problem
-
septic shock
- infection that enter the bloodstream
- eventaully causing mods
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