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the scientific study of bones
osteology
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the science of the shape and structure of organisms and their parts
anatomy
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Physiology
the study of functions of living organisms and their parts
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Trachea, Heart, lungs
thoracic cavity
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liver, spleen, pancreas, stomach, gall bladder
abdominal cavity
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Bladder, ovaries, colon, rectum, uterus
pelvic cavity
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S1 S2
Anterior superior iliac spine level
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L2 L3
Inferior costal margin level
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T1
2" above jugular notch
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T7
Inferior angles of scapula level
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C7 T1
Vertebral prominens
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T9 T10
Xiphoid process level
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L4 L5
Most superior aspect of iliac crest level
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Flat bones
Skull bones, Scapula
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Short bones
carpals, tarsals
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long bones
femur, humerus
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irregular bones
sacrum, vertebrae
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carpo metacarpal for first digit
saddle joint
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metacarpophalangeal joint
Ellipsoid joint
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interphalangeal joint
hinge joint
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intertarsal joint
gliding
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shoulder joint
ball and socket
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hip joint
ball and socket
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small rounded elevated process
tubercle
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small, smooth process for articulation
facet
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beaklike process
coracoid
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club shaped process
malleolus
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Hook shaped process
Hamulus
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expanded end of a long bone
head
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hole in a bone for transmission of blood vessels and verves
foramen
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shallow or linear depression
groove
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furrow, trench, or fissure like depression
sulcus
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refers to the parts away from the median plane of the body
lateral
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refers to the middle part or main part of an organ
central
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refers to the sole of the foot
plantar
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refers to a part or parts on the opposite side of the body
contralateral
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refers to nearer the head, or situated above
superior
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refers to forward or front part of the body
anterior
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refers to the part farthest from the point of attachment
distal
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refers to near the skin
superficial
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forced or excessive straightening of the joint
hyperextension
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circular movement of a joint
circumduction
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to turn the forearm so that the palm faces backward
pronate
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to turn around on an axis
rotation
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straightening of a joint
extension
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the patient position most commonly used to perform a radiograph of a finger
sitting at the end of the table
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for PA projection of the second digit, central ray is directed to the ___________
proximal interphalangeal joint
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for a lateral projection of second through fifth digits, the central ray is directed___________ degrees
0
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The most common oblique of the second through fifth digit is___________
PA with lateral rotation
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How many degrees is the hand rotated for a PA oblique of the digit
45
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For PA Oblique projection of the first digit, the hand is placed in the _____________ position.
Prone
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The central ray angulation for a PA projection of the hand is
0 degrees
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Which positions are used to demonstrate the hand in lateral projection?
Ulnar surface down with hand extended or in fan lateral position
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for lateral projection of the hand, the central ray is directed to the _____________
Second digit MCP joint
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flexing the fingers for a PA wrist causes _________________
Placement of the carpal bones closer to the IR
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the central ray for a PA projection of the wrist is directed to the ______________
midcarpal area
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For PA of the wrist, what should be in contact with the table top?
arm, forearm, axilla
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For a lateral projection of the wrist, what central ray angle is used?
0 degrees
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for a lateral projection of the wrist, how many degrees should the elbow be flexed?
90
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What is the primary projection used to demonstrate anterior or posterior displacement fractures of the wrist?
Lateral
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the PA oblique projection of the wrist in lateral rotation requires a wrist angulation of _____________ degrees
45
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for exact positioning of the PA oblique wrist, and to ensure duplication in follow up exams, you would use a __________________.
45 degree foam wedge
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The central ray angle for a PA oblique projection of the wrist is________
0 degrees
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What is well demonstrated on a PA oblique of the wrist
Trapezuim and scaphoid
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what projection clearly demonstrates the scaphoid
PA in ulnar deviation and stecher method
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What projection prevents foreshortening of the scaphoid
PA in ulnar flexion
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the PA projection of the wrist (stecher method) best demonstrates the___________.
scaphoid
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The IR must be elevated how many degrees for the PA wrist (stecher method)?
20
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if the IR is placed flat on the table for the PA of the wrist (stecher method), the central ray must be angled ________________ degrees.
20
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How many bones make up the wrist
8
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what is the largest carpal bone?
capitate, or OS magnum
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the hand consists of how many bones?
27
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how many phalanges are in the hand?
14
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what carpal bone has only one name?
pisiform
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what is another name for capitate?
OS magnum
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which bone appears immediately distal to the carpometacarpal joint of the thumb?
trapezium
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the second digit of an adult contains how many interphalangeal joints?
2
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the Hook is a characteristic on which bone of the wrist?
hamate
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what type of joint s the interphalangeal joint?
hinge
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what type of joint is the carpometacarpal joint?
gliding
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what are the 8 bones of the wrist?
scaphoid, lunate, triquetrium, pisiform trapezuim, trapezoid, capitate, hamate
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what is another name for Scaphoid?
navicular
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what is another name for the lunate?
semi lunar
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what is another name for triquetrium?
triangular
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what is another name for trapezium?
greater multangular
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what is another name for trapezoid?
lesser multangular
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what is another name for the capitate?
OS magnum
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what is another name for Hamate?
Unciform
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Area located between the lungs
mediastinum
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major airway tube
trachea
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double walled serous membrane sac
pleural membrane
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inferior part of the lungs
costophrenic angle or base
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_______________ branches away from the trachea
primary bronchi
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what area of the trachea divides into 2 lesser tubes?
carina
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what is the name of the medial aspect of the lungs in which the primary bronchus enters?
hilum
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how many lobes are in the right lung?
3
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how many lobes in the left lung?
2
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which lung is broader and shorter? why?
the right. because of the placement of the liver and the heart.
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what are the three portions of the pleura?
- visceral (inner) layer
- pareital (outer) layer
- pleural cavity. the space between the two layers.
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a collapsed lung is called
atelectstasis
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replacement of air with fluid in the lung interstitium and alveoli is called
pulmonary edima
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pneumonia invilvong the bronchi and scattered throughout the lung is called
lobular bronchio pneumonia
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collection of fluid in the pleural cavity is called
pleural effusion
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underaeration of the lungs due to lack of surfactant is called
hayaline membrane
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chronic infection of the lungs due to tubercle bacillus is called
tuberculosis
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what is the name of the lateral end of the scapular spine?
acromion
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what are the 3 angles on the scapula?
inferior, superior, and lateral
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what are the 3 shoulder girdle articulations?
scapulohumeral, sternoclavicular, and acromioclavicular
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what bone articulates with the medial end of the clavicle
sternum
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what end of the clavicle articulates with the manubrium?
medial
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what type of joint are the AC and SC joints?
gliding
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what classification of bone is the clavicle?
long
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what bone articulates with the glenoid cavity?
humerus
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what is the most anterior bony process of the scapula?
coracoid process
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at what level is the clavicle in relation to the ribs?
just above the first rib
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where should the central ray be directed for the AP neutral, internal, and external rotation for the shoulder?
1" below the coracoid process
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what specific area of the humerus should the IR be centered for a transthoracic lateral shoulder? (lawrence method)
surgical neck
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when performing shoulder projections (besides transthoracic), what breathing instructions should be given?
suspend at expiration
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the correct amount of obliquity for the AP oblique (grashey method) is_______________ degrees toward the effected side
35-45 degrees
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should the patient be upright or supine for AC joints? Why?
upright. because it opens the AC joints
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how many degrees and in what direction should the central ray be directed for PA axial clavicle? AP axial of clavicle?
- PA 15-30 degrees caudal
- AP 15-30 degrees cephalad
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what scapular border should be free from superimposition with the ribs for an AP projection?
lateral
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what type of respiration is used to obliterate or blur lung detail for a scapula projection?
slow shallow breathing
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what is the significance of arm placement for a lateral projection of the scapula?
the arm should be moved superiorly and anteriorly to free it from being superimposed on the scapula
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What is the lateral bone of the forearm?
radius
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what is the medial bone of the forearm?
ulna
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which end of the ulna is the radial head located nearest to?
proximal
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what are the 3 elbow joint articulations?
radiohumeral, radioulnar, ulnarhumeral
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for an AP projection of the forearm, how should the elbow be positioned?
straight out
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for the AP projection of the forearm, why should the hand be palm facing up (supine)?
so that the radius and ulna dont cross over each other
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How many degrees of flexion of the elbow is necessary for a lateral projection?
90
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when positioning for the humerus, how should the IR be in relation to the patient?
1-2" above the shoulder and along the long axis of the bone.
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how should the hand be positioned for the lateral projection of the elbow?
laterally
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what projection of the elbow best demonstrates the coranoid process in profile?
AP oblique with medial rotation
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how should the humeral epicondyles appear in the image of a lateral elbow?
superimposed
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what part of the humerus should be palpated to ensure that the humerus is correctly positioned for the AP projections
epicondyles and the greater tubercle
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For the AP projection with the patient supine, why is it sometimes necessary to elevate the unaffected shoulder on a firm support?
to flatten out the effected area on the IR
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How will beam divergence on a lateral elbow affect the demonstration of the elbow joint?
the epicondyles would not be superimposed
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How many AP projections are necessary to demonstrate the elbow without distortion when an injury prevents full extension?
2 Distal humerus and proximal forearm
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how should the forearm and elbow be rotated to best demonstrate the radial head free from superimposition of the ulna?
laterally
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what passes through the carpal tunnel?
median nerve
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what projection demonstrates the carpal canal?
gainer hart (tangential)
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fracture of the metacarpal neck is called a ____________
boxer's fracture
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what forms the bony thorax?
12 pairs of ribs, the sternum, and the thoracic vertebrae
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what are the parts of the sternum?
manubrium, body, and xyphoid process
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asperation of a foriegn particle in the lung is termed________________
asperation pneumonia
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what body habitus will the body appear almost horizontal?
hyperstenic
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what makes up the mediastinum?
heart, great vessels, trachea, esophagus, thymus, lymphatics, fibrous tissue, and fat
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for a chest lateral decubitus position used to demonstrate fluid in the chest, the patient lies on the _________________ side.
affected
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going from right to left what are the 9 regions of the abdomen?
right hypochondrium, epigastrium, left hypochondrium, right lateral, umbilical, left lateral, right inguinal, hypogastrium, left inguinal
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how many quadrants are there in the abdomen? what are they called?
4. right upper, left upper, right lower, left lower
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what is the C7 vertebra also called?
vertebral prominens
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the lungs are composed of a light spongy substance called the _________________
pleura
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