Chapter 17 Vocab

process by which DNA directs the synthesis of proteins (or in some cases, RNA)

inability to make a particular enzymes

moist support mixed with only inorganic salts, glucose, and the vitamin biotin

a premise stating that the function of a gene is to dictate the production of a specific enzyme

synthesis of RNA using a DNA template

synthesisi of a polypeptide using the genetic information encoded in an mRNA molecule; there is a change of language from nucleotides to amino acids

type of RNA synthesized using a DNA template that attaches to ribosomes in the cytoplasm and specifies the primary structure of a protein; carries the genetic information from the DNA to the ribosome

complex particles that facilitate the orderly linking of amino acids into polypeptide chains

where translation occurs

where transcription occurs

the transcription of a protein-coding eukaryotic gene results in __

initial RNA transcript

DNA-> RNA-> protein

smallest units of uniform length that can code for all the amino acids

the genetic instructions for a polypeptide chain are written in the DNA as a series of nonoverlapping, three nucleotide words; set of three nucleotide long words that specify the amino acids for polypeptide chains

strand providing the pattern for the sequence of nucleotides in a n RNA transcript

pattern

mRNA base triplets; three nucleotide sequence of DNA or mRNA that specifies a particular amino acid or termination signal; the basic unit of the genetic code

three codons that do not designate amino acids are called ___

start codon adn amino acid

on an mRNA, the triplet grouping of ribonucleotides by the translation machinery during polypeptide synthesis

an enzyme that links ribonucleotides into a growing RNA chain during transcription
pries the two DNA strands apart
do not need a primer

a specific nucleotide sequence in DNA that binds RNA pol, positioning it to start transcribing RNA at the appropriate place

in bacteria, a sequence of of nucleotides in DNA that mark the end of a gene and signal RNA pol to release the newly made RNA molecules and detach from the DNA

direction of transcription

other direction

a region of DNA that is transcribed into an RNA molecule

polymerase used for RNA synthesis in euk.

nucleotide where RNA synthesis actually begins

a regulatory protein that binds to DNA and affects transcription of specific genes; mediates the binding of RNA pol and the initiation of transcirption

the completred assembly of transcription factos and RNA pol bound to a promoter

a DNA sequence in euk. promoters crucial in forming the transcription initiation complex; transcription factor binds to it, allowing the RNA pol to bind

a DNA sequence that causes the mRNA to stop being transcribed and peel away from the DNA

modification of RNA transcripts, including splicing out of introns, joining together of exons, and alteration of the 5' and 3' ends

a modified form of guanine nucleotide added onto the nucleotide at the 5' end of a pre-mRNA molecule after transcription of the first 20-40 mucleotides

a sequence of 50-250 adenine nucleotides added on to the 3' end of a pre-mRNA molecule

parts of mRNA that will not be trnaslated into proteins, but have other functions like ribosome binding

after synthesis of a euk. primary RNA transcript, the removal of portions (introns) of the transcript that will not be included in the mRNA

a noncoding, intervening sequence within a primary transcript that is removed fromt he transcript during RNA processing; also refers to the region of DNA from which this sequence was transcribed

a sequence within a proimary transcript that remains in the RNA after RNA processing; also refers to the region of DNA from which this sequence was transcribed; will be expresesed by being translated into amino acid sequences

a large complex made up of proteins and RNA molecules that spilices RNA by interacting with the ends of an RNA intron, releasing the intron and joining the two adjacent exons

particles that recognize the splice sets that are located in the cell nucleus and are composed of RNA and protein molecules

RNA in a snRNP taht join with additional proteins to form an even largeer assembly called a spliceosome (150 nucleotides long)

molecule that interacts with certain sites along an intron, releasing it and joining together two exons that flanked the intron

RNA molecules that function as enzymes

a type of eukaryotic gene regulation at the RNA-processing level in which different mRNA molecules are produced from the same primary transcript, depending on which RNA segments are treated as exons and which as introns

independently folding part of a protein; discrete structural and functional region on a protein

an RNA moleucle that functions as an interpreter between nucleic acid and protein language by picking up speific amino acids and recognizing the appropriate codons in the mRNA; transfers amino acids from the cytoplasmic pool of amino acids to the ribosomes

a nucleotide triplet at one end of a tRNA molecule that recognizes a particular complementary codon on the mRNA molecuel

the codon UUU codes for which amino acid?

an enzyme that joins each amino acid to the appropriate tRNA

How many tRNAs are there?

flexibility in the base-pairing rules in which the nucleotide at the 5' end of a tRNA anticodon can form hydrogen bonds with more than one kind of base in the third position (3' end) of a codon

this explains why the synonymous codons for a given amino acid can differ in their third base, but not in their other bases

most abundant type of RNA; together with protiens creates ribosomes

Where is rRNA made?

A functional ribosome is formed only when attached to an __.

How many binding sies does each ribosome have for mRNA? tRNA?

union of mRNA, tRNA, and a small and large ribosomal subunit

one of a ribosomes binding sites for tRNA during translation; holds the tRNA carrying hte growing polypeptide chain

one of a ribosome's three binding sites for tRNA during translation; holds the tRNA carrying the next amino acid to be added to the polypeptide chain

one of a ribosmes three binding sites for tRNA; place where discharged tRNAs leave the ribosome

proteins called __ arte required to bring all the components together of the translation initiation complex

Each addition to the polypeptide chain requires the participation of several proteins called __ and occurs in a three step cycle.
What are the steps

Stop codons

a protein that binds directly to the stop codon in the A site, causing the addition of a water molecule instead of an amino acid to the polypeptide chain, hydrolyzing the bond between teh completed polypeptide and the tRNA in the P site, releasing teh polypeptide through the exit tunnel of the ribosome's large subunit.

a group of several ribosomes attached to, and translating, the same mRNA molecule

A __ determines primary structure, which determines shape

additional steps that may be required before the protein can begin doing its particular job; involves the modification by addition of sugars, lipids, phosphate groups, etc. and the removal of one or more amino acids by enzymes

ribosomes that make proteins that stay int he cytosol and funciton there

ribosomes that make proteins of the endomembrane system as well as proteinss secreted from the cell

a sequence of about 20 amino acids at or near the leading (amino) end of a polypeptide that targets it to the ER or other organelles in a eukaryotic cell

A protein-RNA complex that recognizes a signal peptide as it emerges from a ribosome and helps direct the ribosome to the ER by binding to a receptor protein on the ER

The SRP is part of a __.

a change in a gene at a single nucleotide pair

a change in the nucleotide sequence of an organism's DNA, ultimately creating genetic diversity; can occur in the DNA or RNA of viruses as well

a base-pair substitution that results in a codon that codes for a different amino acid

a mutation that changes an amino acid codon to one of the three stop codons, resulting in a shorter and usually nonfunctional protein

a mutation occurring when the number of nucleotides inserted or deleted is not a multiple of three, resulting in the improper grouping of the subsequent nucleotides into codons

a mutation involving the addition of one or more nucleotide pairs of a gene

a chemical or physical agent that interacts with DNA and causes a mutation

a mutational loss of one or more nucleotide pairs from a gene

a type of point mutation; the replacement of one nucleotide and its partner in the complementary DNA strand by another pair of nucleotides

if a mutation has an adverse effect ont he phenotype of an organism, the mutatnt condition is referred to as __

point mutations are divided into:

mutation in which the substitution has no effect on the encoded protein because of the redundancy of the genetic code

a physical mutagen

chemicals that are similar to normal DNA bases but that pair incorrectly during DNA replication

mutations that arise when an incorrect base is added to a growing chain during replication; that base will be mismatched with the base on the other strand; if not corrected, it will be used as a template in the next round, resulting in a mutaiton

substitution mutations are usually __ mutations.

RNA polymerases in archaea are similar to __

Archaea use transcription factors, which is similar to __

transcription in archae is terminated similar to

archaeal ribosomes in size are similar to

archaeal ribosomes in chemical inhibitor sensibility is similar to

initiation of translation in archaea is similar to

the archaeal process of gene expression (transc. and trans.) is similar to

a region of DNA that can be expressed to produce a final functional product that is either a polypeptide or an RNA molecule