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Table
a display of data in a matrix format
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graph
a representation of data by spatial relationships in a diagram
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frequency distribution
a graph that shows the number of scores that fall into specific bins,or divisions of the variable
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histogram
a frequency distribution in which the frequencies are represented by contiguous bars
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frequency polygon
a frequency distribution in which the frequencies are connected by straight lines
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normal curve
a bell shaped cure described by a certain mathemeatical function
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skewed
a distribution that is not symmetrical
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cumulative frequency distribution
a frequency distribution that shows the number of scores that fall at or below a certain score
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scattergram
a graph showing the responses of a number of individuals on two variables; visual display of correlational data
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median split
a division of the subjects in a study into two groups of equal size on the basis of one of the variables
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line graph
a graphical representation using lines to show relationships between quantitative variables
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bar graph
graphical representation of categorical data in which the heights of separated bars, or columns, show the relationships between variables
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time-series graph
a graph in which the abscissa (x-axis) represents time
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error bars
in a graph, vertical lines that indicate plus or minus one standard deviation of the data or, less frequently, the standard error of the mean
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box-and-whisker plot
a typeof graph based on median and percentiles rather than mean and standard deviation
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data reduction
the process of transcribing data from individual data sheets to a summary form
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coding guide
a record that specifies the variables of a study, the columns they occupy in the data file, and their possible values
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invalid data
data points that fall outside the defined range for that variable of data
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missing data
empty cells in a data matrix
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outliers
dat points that are highly improbable, although not impossible
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missing data code
a symbol, such as an asterisk, that is entered ina cell that has no data
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validity
an indication of accuracy in terms of the extent to which a research conclusion corresponds with reality
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internal validity
extent to which a study probides evidence of a cause-effect relationship between the independent and dependent variables
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