Micro 205

Media: Lactose Broth

Original Color: Orange

Biochemical Pathway: Lactic acid

+ Results: Turns Yellow

Reagent: None

Media: MVRP Borth

Original color: Straw

Biochemical pathway: Glucose Fermentation into acid

+ Results: Turns Bright red

Reagent: Methyl red

Media: MVRP Broth

Original color: Straw

Biochemical pathway:Glucose fermentation into alchohol Butodiol

+ Results: Turns Pink

Reagent: Alpha- naphthol

• Media: Nitrate Broth w/ Durham tube
• Original color:Straw

Biochemical pathway:

+ Results:Changes color to red with gas bubbles

Reagent: Nitrate solution A and B

• Media: None
• Original color: Clear
• Biochemical pathway:Hydrogen Peroxide

+ Results: Bubbling

Reagent: 3% H2O2

Media: Agar Slant

Original color: Straw

Biochemical pathway: Starch Hydrolysis

+ Results: Dark Blue and a halo

Reagent: Grams Iodine

Media: Agar Slant

Original color: Straw

Biochemical pathway: Tryptofan Hydrolysis

+ Results: Turns Pink

Reagent: Kovac's reagent

Media: Urea Broth

Original color: Orange

Biochemical pathway: Urea Hydrolysis

+ Results: Turns Cherry Pink

Reagent: PH

Media: Nitrogen Gelatin

• Original color: Straw
• Biochemical pathway: Gelatic hydrolysis
• + Results: Liquid

Reagent: none

Media: NaCl Broth

Original color: Purple

Biochemical pathway:

+ Results: Turbibidity ( cloudy)

Reagent: none

Media: SIMS Agar

Original color: Straw

Biochemical pathway:

+ Results: Black and cloudy

Reagent: none

Media: Citrate Agar

Original color: Green blue

Biochemical pathway:

+ Results: Perussian Blue

Reagent: none

A molecule of DNA associated with protein.

Semiconservative- relication of DNA synthesis a new strand od DNA from a Teplate strand

• Enzymes- helicase, DNA polymerase, ect.
• synthesis occurs in 5 to 3 directions

• 3 Categories
• STRUCTURAL
• REGULATORY
• Encode for RNA

Copy of specific regions of DNA

• Complimentary sequences from hairpin loops
• - Amino acid attachment site
• - Anticodon

Participates in ranslation (protein synthesis)

Comes from mRNA

Triplet code that specifies a given amino acid

• Multiple codes for one amino acid
• 20 amino acids
• start codon
• stop codon

Transfer of plasmid DNA from F+ (F factor) cell to a F- cell

An F+ bacterium possesses a PILUS

PILUS attaches to a recipient cell and create pore for th transfer DNA

High frequency recombination (Hfr) Donars contain the F fator in chromosomes

molecules that, when joined together, make up the structural units of RNA and DNA.

In addition, nucleotides play central roles in metabolism.

In that capacity, they serve as sources of chemical energy, participate in cellular signaling, and are incorporated into important cofactors of enzymatic reaction

are the components of cells that make proteins from all amino acids.

One of the central tenets of biology, often referred to as the "central dogma," is that DNA is used to make RNA, which, in turn, is used to make protein.

• The DNA sequence in genes is copied into a messenger RNA (mRNA).
• Ribosomes then read the information in this RNA and use it to create proteins.

This process is known as translation; i.e., the ribosome "translates" the genetic information from RNA into proteins.

Ribosomes do this by binding to an mRNA and using it as a template for the correct sequence of amino acids in a particular protein.

Bacteriophages infect host cells

• sevre as the carrier of DNA from donor cell to recipient cel
• -Generalized
• -Specialized

Codon

• Copy of structural gene or genes of DNA
• - Can encode for multiple proteins on one message

Thymidine is replaced by uracil

The message contains a codon (three bases)

• RNA
• Transcription
• Message RNA (mRNA)
• Transfer RNA (rTNA)
• Ribosomal RNA (rRNA)

Nonspecific acceptance of free DNA by the cell (ex. DNA fragments, plasmids)

DNA can be inserted into the chromosomes

Competent cells readily accept DNA

Ribosomes bind mRNA near the start codon (ex. AUG)

tRNA anticodon with attached amino acid binds to the start codon

Ribosomes move to the next codon, allowing a new tRNA to bind and add another amino acid

Series of amino acids from peptide bonds

Stop codon terminates translation

regulation

is an operon required for the transport and metabolism of lactose in Escherichia coli and some other enteric bacteria.

It consists of three adjacent structural genes, lacZ, lacY and lacA.

The lac operon is regulated by several factors including the availability of glucose and of lactose

. Gene regulation of the lac operon was the first complex genetic regulatory mechanism to be elucidated and is one of the foremost examples of prokaryotic gene regulation.

-Amino acids , Nucleotides

represser shuts down the gene

• Changes made to DNA
• Spontaneous- Random change

Induced- chemical, radiation (comes from the outside)

Piont - change a single base

Nonsense- Change a normal codon to a stop codon

Back- mutation- mutation is reversed

Frameshift- Reading frame of the mRNA changes

essential organic nutrients (supplied from the outside)

Not synthesized by the organism, and must be supplemented

Ex. Amino Acids,Vitanims and fatty acids

Derives both carbon and energy from organic compounds

Saprobic - decomposers of plant litter, animal matter, and deadmicrobes

Parasitic- live in or on the body of a host

derives their energy from sunlight

transform light into chemical energy from sunlight

Primary producers of organic matter for heterotrophs

• Primary producers of oxygen
• (ex. Algae, plants, and some bacteria)

2 types

Chemoorganic autotroph-derives there energy from orgaic compounds and their cardon sourse from inorganic compounds.

Lithoautotrophs - Neither sunlight nor organics used, rather it relies totally on inorganis

Temperature- for optimal growth and metabolism

Psychrophile - 0-15 c

Optimal growth temperature

20 to 14 c

Most organisms

optimal temp.

45 to 80 c

Category of Bacteria

Requires oxygen for metabolism

Posses enzymes that can neutralize the toxic oxygen metabolites

EX. Superoxide dismutase and Catalase

Most Fungi, protazoa, and some bacteria

Biggest group

does not require oxygen for metabolism, but can grow in its presense

• Durning minus oxygen states, anaerobic resperation or fermentation occurs
• Posses superoxide dismutase and catalase

EX. Gram negative pathogens

CANNOT USE OXYGEN for metabolism

Do not possess superoxide dismutase and Catalase

The presence of oxygen is toxic to the cell

The division of a bacterial cells

Parental cell enlarges and duplicates its DNA

Septum formation divides the cell into two separate chambers

Complete division results in two identical cells

Essential organic nutrients ( supplied from the outside)

Not synthesized by the organism, and must be supplemented

EX. Amino acids, vitamins, esential fatty acids

The time required for a complete division cycle (doubling)

Lenghth of the generation time is a measure of the growth rate

Exponentials are used to define the numbers of bacteria after the growth

1) Lag Phase

2) log phase

3) Stationary Phase

4) Death Phase

Cells are adjusting, enlarging, and synthesizing critical proteins and metabolites

Not doubling at their maximum growth rate

Maximum exponential growth rate of cell division

Adequate nutrients

Favorable enviroment

Survival Mode-- depletion in nutrients, released waste can inhibit growth

When the number of cells that stop dividing equal the number of cells that continue to divide

A majority of cells begin to die exponentially due to lack of nutrients

A chemostat will provinde a continuous supply of nutreints, thereby the death phase is never achieved

Cloudiness

is the set of chemical reactions that happen in living organisms to maintain life.

These processes allow organisms to grow and reproduce, maintain their structures, and respond to their environments.

enzymes are involved in the breakdown of complex organic molecules in order to extract energy and form simpler end products.

Enzymes are involved in the use of energy from catabolism in order to synthesize macromlecules and cell structures from precursors (simple products)

Oxidation of glucose to 2 pyruvate(pyruvic acid) - net yield of 2 ATP

Each pyruvic acid is processed to enter the TCA cycle (2complete cycles)

Carbon dioxide is generated

Coenzymes NAD and FAD are reduced

Net yeild of 2 ATPs

NADH and FADH2 donate electrons electrons to the electron carriers

Membrane bound carriers transfer electrons Water is genertated

Approximately 34 ATPs generated

This occurs in the mitochondria of a eukaryotic cell

Occurs on the Cytoplasmic membrane of prokaryotic cells

Ferment in the absence of oxygen

Respiration in the presence of oxygen

EX. E coli

2 ATP molecules

No Resperation

EX. Yeast

2 ATP molecules

Reduces spoilage organisms and pathogens

63 c for 30 min.

• Steam under pressure
• 121c
• 15 psi
• 15 min.

Removal of all microbial life

Removal of Pathogens from nonliving materials

• Alternation of membrane permeability
• Damage to proteins
• Damage to nucleic acids ( Go after their DNA)