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what is the infants first and most basic task, and what does it include?
survival; breathing, sucking, eating, digesting, elimination, sleeping
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oral stage of development
the mouth as the most important and center of pleasure in infants
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3 mechanisms of stimulation in infants
- 1. favors progressive connection bw nerve cells
- 2. increases vascularization in brain
- 3. increase myelination, related to the rate of dev. of many functions
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at what month doe the infant listen actively to sounds, lifts head almost 45degrees when prone, follows moving objects w/ eyes, recognizes familar faces, turns from side to back
two months
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at wht month does an infant start to stare at own hand and visually inspects objects, carries hand or object to mouth at will, turns eyes to objects placed in vision field, laughs aloud
3 months
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at wht month does an infant's head lag when pulled to sitting position, lifts head momentarily when prone, displays moro, sucking, and rooting reflexes?
1 month
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what month do infants begin drooling w/out swallowing, holds head steady in sitting position, begins eye-hand coordination, chews and bites, reaches out to ppl, squeals, grasp w/ two hands?
4 months
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what month? plays w/ toes, sits w/ slight support, makes cooing noises, rolls from back to stomach or vice versa, looks for objects that have fallen, is able to descriminate strangers from family
5 months
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what month? bears wt when held in standing position, sits and leans forwards on both hands, fixates on one very small object, bangs objects together
7 months
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what month? able to lift cup by handle, plays peek a boo, begins to hitch in locomotion, has definite likes and dislikes
6 months
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what month? feeds self, sits well alone, dislikes dressing and diaper changes, releases objects at will, responds to "no", pulls toy toward self, shows nervousness with strangers
8 months
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what month? creeps and crawls, explores obj by sucking, chewing, and biting it, drinks from cup w/ assistance, repeats facial expression of adults, responds to simple verbal requests
9 months
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what month? sits by falling down, understands bye bye, pays attention to own name, crawls and cruises well, looks at and follows pictures in books
10 months
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what month? loses babinski sign, walks with help, has equal circumference head and chest, develops evident hand dominance
12 months
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what month? walks up stairs w/ help, turns pages of books, indicates wet pants, places objects in holes or slots,
18 months
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what month? attempts to walk without assistance, begins to hold spoon, holds crayon to mark on paper
11 months
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what month? creeps up stairs, uses dada and mama labels for correct parents, temper tantrums, walks w/out help, drinks from cup well but rotates spoon
15 months
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according to Erikson, what's the central developmental task during infancy?
trust vs. mistrust
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define the sensorimotor period, by piaget
up to 18 months, the time during which infants develop the coordination to master activities that allow them to interact with the environment
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What is the DDST, and it's purpose?
The Denver Developmental Screening Test; screens for dev. probs in children from birth-6yrs.
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what is an abnormality of structure, function, or matabolism as a result of a genetic or environmental influence on the fetus?
a birth defect
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define weaning?
a gradual, caring process that introduces the infant to a cup, which replaces the bottle or breast. (5-6 months)
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Name a few breast feeding positions
football, lying down, cradling, across the lap
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what food do you introduce at 6-8 months?
protein foods ( cheese, meat, fish, chicken, and yogurt)
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what aspects do you review in intial interviews in prevention of birth defects?
maternal age, ethnic background,FH, Reproductive history, maternal disease
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define and describe SIDS
Sudden infant death syndrome is the sudden, unexplained death of an infant younger than 1 yr that remains unexplained after review of the clinical history, exam of the scene of death, and postmortem exam. 3rd leading cause of infant death in the US and Canada. cause is unknown
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When does salivation begin?
approx 3 months, but taste is present at birth
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define paternal engrossment
describe the behavior pattern of fathers when they interact w/ their infants.
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what are the 5 characteristics of paternal engrossment?
visual awareness of infant, tactive awareness (desire to hold), awareness of distinct characteristics(features tht resemble dad), perceive infact as perfect, dev strong feeling of attraction toward infant, feel of deep satisfaction
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what is one of the most common health problems in children?
ear infections
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explain 3 phases in the reaction to seperation
- 1.protest-cries loudly for mom, ignores others
- 2. Despair-stops crying, becomes less active, withdraws, becomes apathetic
- 3. withdrawal-takes interests in surroundings, rejects mom bc she fails to meet his/her needs
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What is the most common unitentional injury after 4 months of age?
falls
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what should you do when choking occurs in infants
place infanct across the adult's knee and deliever 5 back blows followed by 5 chect thrusts repeatedly until object is expelled or infant becomes unresponsive
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define active immunization
all or part of the disease-causing microorganism is injected into the body to make it react defensively
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injecting blood from an actively immunized person or animal is...
passive immunization
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what are the nurses role in the dev of health care policies?
ID resources for the community to meet its specific need, planning for resources not available to the community, coordinating the resources available to the community to promote better use of them
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Explain weight gain in infants up to 1 yrs old
- first 2 weeks- may lose but should be back to birth weight
- first 6 mnths- doubles wt
- first year-triples wt
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how many inches do infants gain?
1 each/month
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What month?
moro (startle)
palmer grasp
rooting
tonic neck
stepphing in place
extrusion
1 month
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explain steps of skull bone closure
- open anterior (until 18 mnts)
- posterior (closes @birth or 2 months)
- fontaneles, sutures (open til 2-3 yrs)
- anterior fontanels (close 18-24 mnths)
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When do you stop doing OFC test?
with each visit until fontanels close
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when does active immunity kick in?
starts at 3 months with results by 6 months
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cognitive development (Piaget) for infants
- sensorimotor
- primary circular reactions 1-4 months
- Secondary 4-12 months
- Tertiary 12-24 months
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What month?
large muscle coordination, ability to hear, use sounds and words, eye/hand coordination, manipulation of small objects
1month
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equal movements, lifts head to 45 degrees, responds to bells, coos,social smile
2 months
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sleeps 12-16 hours
2months
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eats every 3-4 hours, 6-8 feedings a day
2 months
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no longer has head lag when pulled upright, rolls from to back, bears partial weight when help upright
4 months
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turns to rattling sound, squeals, laughs
4 months
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fine motor @ 4 months
puts hands together, grasps rattle
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how does a 4 month old sleep
at least 6-hrs , most sleep throughout the night... 14-16 hrs a day
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gross motor, fine motor, language of 6 month
- reaches out to be picked up,sits unsteady, begins stranger anxiety @ 7 months, peaks at 8 months
- starts to feel self
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what are the steps when starting solid foods?
- give new ones every 3 days to ID any allergies, start w/veggies then fruit then meat
- no honey, egg whites, or peanuts
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respond to own name, crawls, creeps, uses sippy cups regularly
9 months
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cruises well,, walks with support, stands alone, some take first steps
12 mnths
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7-20 words, use 2 word combo, temper tantrums, disrupts environment, egocentrism, ritualism, uses jargon, names one body part, no logical thought
18 months
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1st molar eruption
- 10-16 months
- 20-30 months for 2nd molars
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bowel/bladder schedule
- daytime bowel: 15-24 mnts
- daytime bladder: 2-3 yrs
- nighttime bladder: 3-5 yrs
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internal tibial torsion
abnormal bowing ; supine sleeping reccom.
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external tibial torsion
abnormal bowing develops after birth ..resolves on own. sleepin in supine position recc
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Piaget for 24 months
sensorimotor IV: invents new means through mental combos, object permanence awareness, egocentrism behavior continues
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erikson for 24 months
- autonomy vs. shame and doubt continues
- negativism
- ritualism
- parallel play
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5-6 lbs/year
2 inches/year
- 6-12 yrs
- all permenant teeth by 12
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when does nervous system mature
7 or 8 yrs
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girls puberty
- ht. growth bw 11-15
- breast buds 9-11 yrs
- menses follows breast buds by 2 yrs
- 5 tanner stages based on breast growth and pubic hair growth
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boys puberty
- ht. growth 12-15
- onset of puberty defined by scrotal enlargment and penis lengthening
- 5 tanner stages based on sz of scrotum, penis and growth of pubic hair
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syntax means
semantics means
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IQ testing for 6-12 yrs
avg 90-110
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erikson for 6-12 yrs
- industy vs. inferiority:school is their work
- industry: eagerness to develop skills and participate in socially useful work
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piaget for 6-12 yrs
concrete operations: inductive reasoning, begin logic, works taken literally..affects self esteem
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calories for 6-12 yrs
- 2,000-2,400 calories/day
- obesity caused by unstructured meals, lack of knowledge, genetics, lack of exercise
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enuresis
- involuntary urination at age (beyong 4 yrs) when control should be present
- primary-never achieved control
- secondary-w/ pds of dryness
- nocturnal-bedwetting @ night atleast once/month
- diurnal-wetting during the day
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ecopresis
voluntary or involuntary passing of stool in underpants after age 4
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