Biology

The study of life and all of its processes in order for life to survive

Living things carry out

they obtain and use energy

Living things have mobility

Living Organisms respond to the stimuli with in the environment

living things grow and develop

living things are highly ordered and organized into units called cells

Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic

contain genetic material within their cells that are passed onto the next generation

There are 2 types D.N.A - Dioxybonucleic Acid and R.N.A. - Ribonucleic Acid

Living things Reproduce themselves or new cells arise from preexisting cells.

2 Types - Asexual Reproduction & Sexual Reproduction

Adapt - uses the traits you have to change the environment. Evolve - genetic change over time; species population

• 1. Metabolism
• 2. Mobility
• 3. Respond to Stimuli
• 4. Grow and develop
• 5. Cells
• 6. Genetic Material
• 7. Reproduce
• 8. Evolve and Adapt

• Hiearchy of Life
• Atoms - Molecule - cell - tissue - organs - Body System (11 in the body) - Organism
• Population -- Community -- Ecosystem -- Biospere

In 1735 Carolus Linnacus devised a classification system to organize the diversity of nature

Every Organism has two proper names: Genus and Species name.

• Domain
• Kingdom
• Phylum
• Class
• Order
• Family
• Genus
• Species

• Achaea - Primitive Bacteria - Only live in harsh environments
• Bacteria
• Eukarya

• Plants - make their own food
• Animal - consume; eat living things
• Fungi - decomposers eat dead things
• Protista - single cell, live in water

• Observe patterns in nature
• Ask a question
• Develop a hypothesis
• Make a prediction of the hypothesis (that tells you how to make the test)
• Test
• Conclusion
• Publish

A general principle about nature that is highly (repeatedly) tested, and never disproven

Atoms, Molecules and Life

A substance that can not be transformed into other substances

There are 92 natural occuring elements

• Oxygen
• Carbon
• Hydrogen
• Nitrogen
• Sulpher
• Phosphourus

• Liquid - Atoms at a very slow speed
• Gas - Atoms move at a very rapid place
• Solid - Atoms are fixed in place

a substance containing two or more elements bonded together

the smallest unit of any chemical element

Atomic Regions - Nucleus, Shell

Sub-Atomic Particles: Neutrons, Protons, Electrons

Number of Protons within the Atom

The total Number of Protons and Neutrons of an atom

-Remember: the total number of electrons always equal the total number of protons; making the atom neutral

it holds the electrons around the nucleus

• 1st Shell contains a maximum of 2 electrons
• 2nd Shell and more...can contain a maximum of 8 electrons
• When the outershell is maxed out the atom is stable

Through Chemical Bounds

• There are 5 types
• 3 Basic Types we will discuss

• 1. Covalent - Shares the electrons between atoms.
• A. Non Polar Covalent - Atoms share equally
• B. Polar Covalent - Atoms dont share equally (such as water compounds not H20)
• 2. Ionic Bonds - When 1 atom physically loses an electron to another
• 3.Hydrogen Bonds - when a hydrogen atom bonds to another compound. This is the weakest bond of the three.

• 1. Cohesion - bonds to itself
• Adhesion - bonds to something else
• 2.Stabilizes Temperature
• 3. Has a very high boiling point 212F / 100C
• 4. A very low freezing point 32F / 0C
• 5. It acts as a very good coolant
• 6. Its an excellant Solvent - (Good at Dissolving)
• Solute - is the substance that is dissolved
• 7. Water is less dense in solid form

The movement of compunds from an area of high concentration to an area of low conentration.

(Cell membranes causes diffusion not to occur)

def: Osmosis - the moment of water across a membrane from a region of low solute concentration to a region of high solute concentration

A type of Diffusion

Osmosis only occurs if there is a membrane

• The pH scale ranges from 0-14
• 0-7 is Acid (H+)
• 7-14 is Base (OH-)

• Lipids
• Carbohydrates
• Nucleic Acids
• Proteins

• Characterized by its inability to dissolve in water
• Rich Source of energy
• 1. Fatty Acids
• Simplest of Lipids
• Important in the cell membrane (Phospholipids)
• 2. Fats and Oils (2 Types)
• Unsaturated - Good Type (liquid at room temp)
• Saturated - Bad type (Solid at room temp)
• 3.Steroids - Lipid Only
• Hormones of the body (Chemical Messenger)
• Cholesterol is the main steroid of the body
• 4.Waxes
• Conserves and Repels Water

• 1. Monosaccharides
• Simplest Sugars
• Primary source of energy
• 2.Disaccharides
• Bonding 2 Sugar units together
• 3.Polysaccharides
• Glycogen - found in the muscle and liver at animals
• Storage of Sugar in Animals
• Starchs - Storage of sugar in plants
• Cellulose - Sugar units used in the structure of the cell wall in plants
• Chitin - makes the exoskeleton of Arthopods and other strong structures

are built from Ammino Acid compounds. There are 20 million different Ammino Acids that create millions. The order and the amounts are what count

• Function:
• Structure
• Hormones - Chemical Messengers
• Enzymes - Speed up chemeical reaction
• Transportation

• Are built from nucleotide compounds ( ATP Energy carrier)
• phosphate - Sugar - Nucleic Base

• Functions:
• Energy Carriers - ATP NaDh
• Hormones
• Enzymes
• Genetic Material (DNA & RNA)
• (DNA have 2 strands)(RNA have 1 stands)

Who was he first person to see a cell? -Robert Hooke

He called them cellulae (Latin for Tiny Compartments)

3 main points

• 1. All organisms are composed of one or more cells.
• 2. The cell is the smallest unit having the properties of life
• 3. Cells reproduce from existing cells

• Every living cell on this planet has 3 basic structures
• 1. Plasma membrane or cell membrane (Not the cell wall)
• 2. A genetic material region
• 3. Cytoplasm - fluid filled space in the wall

1. Prokaryotic - No nucleus/organelles, ;ast longer, more simple, DNA/Bacterial Flagellum/Pilus/Capsule/Cell Wall/ Plasma Membrane/Citoplasm/Ribosomes

2. Eukaryotic - Have Nucleus and Organelles

• The (Fluid Mosaic Model) of the cell membrane
• The Fluid Portion -
• -a bilayer of phospholipids that freely move and promote fluidity
• - the (mosaic) portion: a variety of different material embedded in the membrane itself such as....
• Proteins
• Cholesterol
• Carbohydrates
• Phospholipids

• Membrane protein serves as
• 1.Transports Proteins: allows dissolved substances into/out of the cell
• 2.Receptor Proteins: binds hormones and other messengers tot he cell membrane
• 3. Recognition Proteins: these identify the cell as (self) so its not attacked by the immune system
• 4. Adhesion Proteins: help the cells stick together and remain in position in the body

• 1. Regulates the flow of compounds into and out of the cell
• 2. regulates the flow of chemical messages into the cell
• 3. Protects he internal environment of the cell from the environment

• Plants - Plasodesmata
• Animals - Tight Junctions/Adhering Junctions/Communication (Gaps) Junction

Tight Junctions: there connections between cell membranes so liquids cant get through

Adhereing Junctions: There connections that hold cell membranes stick together (have adhereing proteins)

Gap Junctions: a tunnel between the membranes...allows the cytoplasm to communicate between the cells

• Funtions of the Nucleus
• 1. Keep the DNA seperated from the rest of the cell
• 2. Makes it easier to organize DNA and to copy it before cells divide into daughter cells. (We have 46 Chromosomes)(23 Pairs)

Dense mass of material in the nucleus that produces Ribosomes (makes proteins)

-Nuclear Envelop: Two outer membranes (Lipid Bi-Layers) Pores Span Layers

• Extends throughout the cytoplasm
• Two Regions (Rough & Smooth)
• -ROUGH ER
• --arranged into flattened surfaces
• --Ribosomes on the surface give it a rough appearance
• --uses the Ribosomes to produce proteins
• -SMOOTH ER
• --a series of interconnected tubules
• --No Ribosomes on the surface
• --Produces the lipids inside tubules

• Puts he finishing touches on proteins and lipids that arrive from the ER
• Packages Finished Material for shipment to final destinations
• Material arries and leaves in (Vesicles)

• membraneous sacs that move and transport material through the cytoplasm
• Types:
• Transport Vesicles
• Lysosomes (sac that has enzymes)
• Peroxisomes (sac that has hydrogen peroxide in it)(Removes Toxins)

• ATP producing powerhouses
• Double Membrane System
• Contains it own DNA

• PARTS of the MITOCHONDRIA
• Outer Membrane
• Inner Membrane
• Inner Membrane Space
• Matrix
• Cristae

• Basis for cell shape and internal organization(Pulls the vesicles)
• Allows Organelle movement within the cells and in some cases cell mobility
• Made from: Microtubules and Micorfilaments

• Chloroplast
• Central Vacuole
• Cell Wall
• -Choloplasts (Green in Color)
• --converts sunlight energy into sugar
• --performs photosynthesis (Sun+CO2+H2O>>>O2+suagr)
• --Has 2 Membranes

• -Central Vacuole
• --fluid filled Organelle
• --stores Ammino Acids, waters, sugars, wastes
• --in a mature cell, central vacuole takes up to 50-90% of he cells interior

• -Cell Wall
• --structure and protection of the plant / made of cellulose

• Centrioles - Built from CytoSkeleton
• Funtions - only in the cellular reproduction