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Biology
The study of life and all of its processes in order for life to survive
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Characteristics of Life
Living things carry out
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Metabolism
they obtain and use energy
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Mobility
Living things have mobility
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Respond to the Stimuli
Living Organisms respond to the stimuli with in the environment
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Grow and Develop
living things grow and develop
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Cells
living things are highly ordered and organized into units called cells
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2 Cell Types
Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic
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Living Organisms
contain genetic material within their cells that are passed onto the next generation
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Genetic Material
There are 2 types D.N.A - Dioxybonucleic Acid and R.N.A. - Ribonucleic Acid
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Reproduce
Living things Reproduce themselves or new cells arise from preexisting cells.
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Reproduction for all living things on the Planet
2 Types - Asexual Reproduction & Sexual Reproduction
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Evolve and Adapt
Adapt - uses the traits you have to change the environment. Evolve - genetic change over time; species population
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Must have all 8 Characteristics to be alive
- 1. Metabolism
- 2. Mobility
- 3. Respond to Stimuli
- 4. Grow and develop
- 5. Cells
- 6. Genetic Material
- 7. Reproduce
- 8. Evolve and Adapt
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Levels of Organization in Biology
- Hiearchy of Life
- Atoms - Molecule - cell - tissue - organs - Body System (11 in the body) - Organism
- Population -- Community -- Ecosystem -- Biospere
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Classification System
In 1735 Carolus Linnacus devised a classification system to organize the diversity of nature
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Binomial Nomenclature
Every Organism has two proper names: Genus and Species name.
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The Standard Groupings of Classification
- Domain
- Kingdom
- Phylum
- Class
- Order
- Family
- Genus
- Species
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Domains
- Achaea - Primitive Bacteria - Only live in harsh environments
- Bacteria
- Eukarya
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Each Domain has a Kingdom
Look at Eukarya:
- Plants - make their own food
- Animal - consume; eat living things
- Fungi - decomposers eat dead things
- Protista - single cell, live in water
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Scientific Method -
- Observe patterns in nature
- Ask a question
- Develop a hypothesis
- Make a prediction of the hypothesis (that tells you how to make the test)
- Test
- Conclusion
- Publish
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Theory -
A general principle about nature that is highly (repeatedly) tested, and never disproven
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The Chemical Basis of Life
Atoms, Molecules and Life
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def: Chemical Element
A substance that can not be transformed into other substances
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How many naturally occuring elements are there
There are 92 natural occuring elements
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98% of all living matter is composed of what 6 elements
- Oxygen
- Carbon
- Hydrogen
- Nitrogen
- Sulpher
- Phosphourus
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What are the 3 phases and their difference
- Liquid - Atoms at a very slow speed
- Gas - Atoms move at a very rapid place
- Solid - Atoms are fixed in place
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def: Compund -
a substance containing two or more elements bonded together
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def: Atom
the smallest unit of any chemical element
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The Atomic Structure
Atomic Regions - Nucleus, Shell
Sub-Atomic Particles: Neutrons, Protons, Electrons
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def: Atomic Number
Number of Protons within the Atom
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def: Atomic Mass
The total Number of Protons and Neutrons of an atom
-Remember: the total number of electrons always equal the total number of protons; making the atom neutral
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def: Electron Shells -
it holds the electrons around the nucleus
- 1st Shell contains a maximum of 2 electrons
- 2nd Shell and more...can contain a maximum of 8 electrons
- When the outershell is maxed out the atom is stable
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How do Atoms form compounds?
Through Chemical Bounds
- There are 5 types
- 3 Basic Types we will discuss
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What Are the 3 basic types of chemical bonds?
- 1. Covalent - Shares the electrons between atoms.
- A. Non Polar Covalent - Atoms share equally
- B. Polar Covalent - Atoms dont share equally (such as water compounds not H20)
- 2. Ionic Bonds - When 1 atom physically loses an electron to another
- 3.Hydrogen Bonds - when a hydrogen atom bonds to another compound. This is the weakest bond of the three.
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Water - Why is it important to life?
- 1. Cohesion - bonds to itself
- Adhesion - bonds to something else
- 2.Stabilizes Temperature
- 3. Has a very high boiling point 212F / 100C
- 4. A very low freezing point 32F / 0C
- 5. It acts as a very good coolant
- 6. Its an excellant Solvent - (Good at Dissolving)
- Solute - is the substance that is dissolved
- 7. Water is less dense in solid form
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DIFFUSION
What is it?
The movement of compunds from an area of high concentration to an area of low conentration.
(Cell membranes causes diffusion not to occur)
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OSMOSIS
def: Osmosis - the moment of water across a membrane from a region of low solute concentration to a region of high solute concentration
A type of Diffusion
Osmosis only occurs if there is a membrane
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pH Scale
- The pH scale ranges from 0-14
- 0-7 is Acid (H+)
- 7-14 is Base (OH-)
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Molecules of Life
What are they??
- Lipids
- Carbohydrates
- Nucleic Acids
- Proteins
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LIPIDS
- Characterized by its inability to dissolve in water
- Rich Source of energy
- 1. Fatty Acids
- Simplest of Lipids
- Important in the cell membrane (Phospholipids)
- 2. Fats and Oils (2 Types)
- Unsaturated - Good Type (liquid at room temp)
- Saturated - Bad type (Solid at room temp)
- 3.Steroids - Lipid Only
- Hormones of the body (Chemical Messenger)
- Cholesterol is the main steroid of the body
- 4.Waxes
- Conserves and Repels Water
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CARBOHYDRATES
- 1. Monosaccharides
- Simplest Sugars
- Primary source of energy
- 2.Disaccharides
- Bonding 2 Sugar units together
- 3.Polysaccharides
- Glycogen - found in the muscle and liver at animals
- Storage of Sugar in Animals
- Starchs - Storage of sugar in plants
- Cellulose - Sugar units used in the structure of the cell wall in plants
- Chitin - makes the exoskeleton of Arthopods and other strong structures
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PROTEINS
are built from Ammino Acid compounds. There are 20 million different Ammino Acids that create millions. The order and the amounts are what count
- Function:
- Structure
- Hormones - Chemical Messengers
- Enzymes - Speed up chemeical reaction
- Transportation
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NUCLEIC ACIDS
- Are built from nucleotide compounds ( ATP Energy carrier)
- phosphate - Sugar - Nucleic Base
- Functions:
- Energy Carriers - ATP NaDh
- Hormones
- Enzymes
- Genetic Material (DNA & RNA)
- (DNA have 2 strands)(RNA have 1 stands)
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CELL STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION
Who was he first person to see a cell? -Robert Hooke
He called them cellulae (Latin for Tiny Compartments)
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CELL THEORY
3 main points
- 1. All organisms are composed of one or more cells.
- 2. The cell is the smallest unit having the properties of life
- 3. Cells reproduce from existing cells
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BASIC CELL STRUCTURE
- Every living cell on this planet has 3 basic structures
- 1. Plasma membrane or cell membrane (Not the cell wall)
- 2. A genetic material region
- 3. Cytoplasm - fluid filled space in the wall
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CELL TYPES
1. Prokaryotic - No nucleus/organelles, ;ast longer, more simple, DNA/Bacterial Flagellum/Pilus/Capsule/Cell Wall/ Plasma Membrane/Citoplasm/Ribosomes
2. Eukaryotic - Have Nucleus and Organelles
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CELL MEMBRANE & STRUCTURE
- The (Fluid Mosaic Model) of the cell membrane
- The Fluid Portion -
- -a bilayer of phospholipids that freely move and promote fluidity
- - the (mosaic) portion: a variety of different material embedded in the membrane itself such as....
- Proteins
- Cholesterol
- Carbohydrates
- Phospholipids
- Membrane protein serves as
- 1.Transports Proteins: allows dissolved substances into/out of the cell
- 2.Receptor Proteins: binds hormones and other messengers tot he cell membrane
- 3. Recognition Proteins: these identify the cell as (self) so its not attacked by the immune system
- 4. Adhesion Proteins: help the cells stick together and remain in position in the body
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FUNCTIONS OF THE CELL MEMBRANE
- 1. Regulates the flow of compounds into and out of the cell
- 2. regulates the flow of chemical messages into the cell
- 3. Protects he internal environment of the cell from the environment
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CELL TO CELL JUNCTIONS
- Plants - Plasodesmata
- Animals - Tight Junctions/Adhering Junctions/Communication (Gaps) Junction
Tight Junctions: there connections between cell membranes so liquids cant get through
Adhereing Junctions: There connections that hold cell membranes stick together (have adhereing proteins)
Gap Junctions: a tunnel between the membranes...allows the cytoplasm to communicate between the cells
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NUCLEUS
- Funtions of the Nucleus
- 1. Keep the DNA seperated from the rest of the cell
- 2. Makes it easier to organize DNA and to copy it before cells divide into daughter cells. (We have 46 Chromosomes)(23 Pairs)
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NUCLEOLUS
Dense mass of material in the nucleus that produces Ribosomes (makes proteins)
-Nuclear Envelop: Two outer membranes (Lipid Bi-Layers) Pores Span Layers
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ENDOPLASTIC RETICULUM
- Extends throughout the cytoplasm
- Two Regions (Rough & Smooth)
- -ROUGH ER
- --arranged into flattened surfaces
- --Ribosomes on the surface give it a rough appearance
- --uses the Ribosomes to produce proteins
- -SMOOTH ER
- --a series of interconnected tubules
- --No Ribosomes on the surface
- --Produces the lipids inside tubules
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GOLGI APPARATUS (Bodies)
- Puts he finishing touches on proteins and lipids that arrive from the ER
- Packages Finished Material for shipment to final destinations
- Material arries and leaves in (Vesicles)
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VESICLES
- membraneous sacs that move and transport material through the cytoplasm
- Types:
- Transport Vesicles
- Lysosomes (sac that has enzymes)
- Peroxisomes (sac that has hydrogen peroxide in it)(Removes Toxins)
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MITOCHONDRIA
- ATP producing powerhouses
- Double Membrane System
- Contains it own DNA
- PARTS of the MITOCHONDRIA
- Outer Membrane
- Inner Membrane
- Inner Membrane Space
- Matrix
- Cristae
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CYTOSKELETON
- Basis for cell shape and internal organization(Pulls the vesicles)
- Allows Organelle movement within the cells and in some cases cell mobility
- Made from: Microtubules and Micorfilaments
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SPECIALIZED PLANT ORGANELLES
- Chloroplast
- Central Vacuole
- Cell Wall
- -Choloplasts (Green in Color)
- --converts sunlight energy into sugar
- --performs photosynthesis (Sun+CO2+H2O>>>O2+suagr)
- --Has 2 Membranes
- -Central Vacuole
- --fluid filled Organelle
- --stores Ammino Acids, waters, sugars, wastes
- --in a mature cell, central vacuole takes up to 50-90% of he cells interior
- -Cell Wall
- --structure and protection of the plant / made of cellulose
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SPECIALIZED ANIMAL
- Centrioles - Built from CytoSkeleton
- Funtions - only in the cellular reproduction
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