bio 242 test 2

actin and myosin
helps heal wounds
do not need fibrin mesh anymore

to break apart fibrin
plasmin breaks up fibrin mesh
*cut is now healed

form clots when there is no injury

cannot form clots at all, males only

anemia > hematocrite
glucose > diabetes
lipids > cholesterol
leukocytes > WBC's

the heart is a ________ pump

location of heart

2 layers, outermost (lining of heart)

cardiac muscle, controlled by nervous system, contraction/signaling (sympathetic nervous system) (lining of heart)

innermost layer of heart

right coronary
right marginal
posterior interventricular
left coronary > circumflex, anterior interventricular

small
middle
great
-all go to coronary sinus
-coronary sinus then returns blood to right atrium

superior vena cava, inferior vena cava, and coronary sinus brings blood to ________

temporary lack of oxygen, heart will hurt

heart attack
carinary

vasospasm

when ventricle contracts, AV valve closed

when ventricle relaxes, AV valve opened, filling with blood

differences in prssure on each side determines when AV valve is ________/________

________ ________/papillary muscle controls opening and closing of valve

sound heart makes when AV valve is closing

sound heart makes when AV valve is opening

any other sound the heart makes (besides lub-dup-pause) is a ________

when valve cannot open all the way

when valve cannot close all the way

second major control system
hormones > chemical messages
acts very slow

permeability and membrane potential can be changed by ________ or synthesize of protein or increases cytosis

-one hormone cannot be effective without another
ex) reproductive hormones cannot be efficient without thyroid hormones > puberty

one and one will equal more than two
ex) glucagen will increase blood glucose levels
epinephrine ^
^-50, ^-50, = 150

opposite of synergism, glucagen increases/insulin decreases

humoral stimuli > ion or nutrients
*neural stimuli > epinephrine
hormonal stimuli > tells other hormones to start doing their job

turning on another system > trophic, tropic
1. growth hormone > bones and ligaments will grow
2. thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) released
3. adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)
4. Gonadotropic

leutenizing hormone

follicle stimulating hormone

secondary sexual characteristics
>boobies, wider hips, hair, menstrual cycle, menarche

inner linger of uterus for baby, cranky moods

testes
1. sperm
2. testosterone > secondary characteristics of males (androgens)
-deep voice
-bigger/stronger muscles
-hair everywhere

produces milk for women

oxytocin helps push baby out
anti-diuretic H (ADH) > keep fluid in
^^opposite alcohol

basal metabolic rate
controls body heat
maintains blood pressure
cannot go through/growth reproduction w/o it

controls metabolism (hormone)

very important ion
*will reduce blood Ca⁺⁺ levels, goes to bones

increases Ca⁺⁺ levels/(antagonist) to calcitonin
most important hormone

helps thyroid gland
in salt

secretes (24) hormones

supra renal glands
two groups: 1) mineral corticoids > controls electrolytes (salts) in the extracellular fluid
2) gluco corticoids > sugar metabolism, maintaing proper blood pressure

sympathetic system is needed and epinephrine

long term ________ will:
1. retain sodium > high BP
2. muscle tissue will be converted to muscles
3. diabetes, suppression to immune system

-mainly exocrine
-secretes enzymes in digestion
-made of exocrine tissue
-the islets secrete
hormones: glucagon, raises blood sugar level
insulin, lowers blood sugar level

adipose tissue > leptin
stomach > gastrin (response to food)
duoderum > peptide (response to food)
kidney > erythroprotein (produce RBCs)
skin > cholocalciferol (vitamin D)

vein is place to get blood, deoxyginated

1. transportation/distribution of blood
2. regulation
a) body temp
b) pH level
c) fluid volume (BP)
3. protection
a) blood clotting
b) pathogens

vitamins A, D, E, K are all ________ ________

carry oxygen
hemoglobin and spectrin

protein that carries iron, lungs will carry oxygen all over body

protein that is in RBCs to change shape to fit in capillaries

bright red, oxygen present

no oxygen present

hemoglobin and CO₂

to make new RBCs
bone marrow

stage of development right before RBC matures
nucleus is protected leaving no nucleus

includes all events associated with blood flow through the heart during one complete beat

pressure shoots up a little bit when aortic semi-lunar valve closes

volume of blood pumped out by one ventricle with each beat

how many times your heart beats per minute

-stroke volume x heart rate
-amount of blood pumped out by each ventricle in one minute

speeds heart up

slows heart down

hormone (epinephrine) changes heart rate, adrenal glands
-hypo > slower (thyroid)

too much increases heart rate
not enough decreases heart rate
(ion)

resting pulse is greater than 100
too fast

resting pulse is below 50-60
too slow
not enough oxygen

causes: valve problems, intrinsic conduction problems

space where blood goes through

takes blood away from heart
small lumen
big tunica media

takes blood towards heart
larger lumen
smaller tunica media

biggest arteries
-aorta
-expand during systole
-contract during diastole
-thick walls
-pressure reservoirs, try to even out dramatic push

can go through vasodilation and vasoconstriction

smallest arteries

exchanges take place
very small vessels
3 different types

least permeable
most common
ex) skin, muscle
(capillary)

large fenestrations (pores)
increased permeability
occurs in special places
ex) kidney, small intestine
(capillary)

most permeable
ex: liver, bone marrow, spleen
(capillary)

body condition, if just sitting down don't need as much blood/O₂ as if you were running around

capacitance
blood reservoirs
little veins = venules, smallest
skeletal muscle pump & respiratory pump > help to return blood

causes > pregnancy, genetics, lousy muscle tone
once you have them, you cannot get rid of them

force per unit area exerted on a vessel wall

type of mechano receptor, measures pressure of blood, lets nervous system know what is going on (stand up too quick, feel light-headed > these tell the body that we need more blood flow to head)

high to low
the bigger the difference, the faster the blood flow