-
What are the two different blocks developed form the paraxial mesoderm (one kind on the caudal end and one on the cranial end)
Somitomeres on the cranial end, somites on the caudal end
-
The somites seperate into ventral and dorsal groups called
- Ventral end called Sclerotome
- Dorsolateral end forming the dermomyotome
-
What does the ventral part of the somites (Sclerotome) eventually form
The vetebral column, surrounding the notochord
-
What does the dorsolateral end of the somites (dermomyotome) eventually form
Dermis (Derm) of the skin and skeletal (Myotome) muscles
-
Each mytome forms what two sections
Dorsal epimere and ventral hypomere
-
What develops into the deep (intrinsic) muscles of the back
Dorsal Epimeres of the mytome
-
All of the intrinsic muscle of the back are innervated by
The dorsal rami of the spinal nerves
-
The prevertebral, intercostal muscles, and abdominal muscles are developed from
Ventral Hypomeres of the myotome
-
The vertebral, intercostal, and abdominal muscles are innervated by
The ventral rami of the spinal nerves
-
The limb muscles develop from what section
The ventral lateral edge of the somites
-
With the elongation of the limb muscles, they split into what two blocks
- Flexors - Anterior
- Extensors - Posterior
-
It what direction does the development of somite progress
Caudal to Cranial
-
Somite development is triggered by what do signals
Shh (coming from the ventral neural tube) and Wnts (dorsal neural tube)
-
What is a synovial joint made up of
Mesoderm and connective tissue
-
The upper limb is made up of mostly what joints
Fibrous Joints
-
How are joints developed
The tissue boundaries are established by suppression of condensation by inhibiting fibronectin and breaking N-CAM (neural cell adhesion molecules) linkages
-
What type of mesenchyme develops into the joints in a synovial membrane
Interzonal mesenchyme
-
Damage to what parts of the bones in a growing child will stunt growth
- From the elbow I flow, to the knee I flee.
- Damage to the upper tibia, lower femur, the wrist of the ulna, or the shoulder of the Humerus
-
What is the rule for when a developing bone closes
First to form, last to close
-
Where does cartilaginous bone grow from
Epiphyseal plate
-
What are the most important parts of cartilaginous bones
Epiphyseal plates
-
What cavity of the cartilaginous bone contains hemopoietic cells
Medullary cavity
-
What is the only long bone that doesn't contain a medullary cavity
Clavicle
-
Cartilaginous bone has what structures
- Epiphyseal plate
- Primary and secondary ossification centers
- A cartilage core
- Medullary cavity
-
Where is the primary ossification center in comparison to the secondary ossification in long bones
Primary is in the shaft, secondary in one end or the other
-
What is the difference between a primary ossification center and a secondary
Primary is where the cartilaginous bone starts to grow, secondary is where it grows when it is more mature
-
What is endochondral bone
Cartilaginous bone
-
Where does growth take place in a endochondral bone
Epiphyseal plates
-
Segmentation of the somatic mesoderm into vertebrae happens when
4th to 5th weeks
-
What is unique about the development of the vertebrae.
After the cranial half is pierced by the spinal chord and migrates inferiorly, the caudal half of the sclerotome fuses with the cranial half. This puts the spinal chord between the vertebral discs
-
What does the notochord end up developing into
The inter-vertebral discs
-
Ribs develop from
Mesenchymal costal processes of vertebrae and eventually develop costal vertebral plane joints
-
Two ventro medial sternal bars of mesoderm develop independently to form
The Sternum
-
How do the flat bones of the skull develop
By intramembranous ossification
-
The membranous neurocranium (skull around the brain) is formed by
Flat bones from the mesenchyme deposited by oteoblasts around the brain
-
The anterior of the skull develops from
Neural crest cells
-
The posterior part of the skull develops from
The paraxial mesoderm
-
What is a squamae
A center for ossification in the skull
-
What are the four different squama on the skull
Frontal, parietal, temporal, and occipital
-
Squamae in full development become
Bosses and external occipital protuberences
-
What does the membranous Viscerocranium include
It is the bones of the face, maxilla, mandible, lacrimal, zygomatic, and vomer ect.
-
Cartilaginous neurocranium is also called
Chondrocranium
-
What are the four areas formed form chondrocranium
- Ethmoid
- Petrous temporal (section of temporal bone)
- Sphenoid
- Occipital
-
Meckels cartilage (Arch I) Cartilaginous Viscerocranium includes what bones
The cartilanginous joint of the mandibular bar, also includes the incus and malleus of the inner ear
-
Reikerts cartilage (Arch II) Cartilaginous Viscerocranium includes what eventual bones
The upper hyoid bone, and stapes of the middle ear
-
Arch III CartilaginousViscerocranium includes what bones
Lower hyoid bone and greater cornu of hyoid bone
-
Arch IV Cartilaginous Viscerocranium develops into what
Thyroid cartilage
-
Arch VI of the CartilaginousViscerocranium develops into what
Arytenoid cartilage (forms the larynx)
-
Membranous bones of the skull begin ossification at
The parietal and frontal eminences
-
Craniosynotosis is when
There is premature closure of the sutures in a skull of a fetus
-
What are the different types of craniosynostosis
- Scaphocephaly/Dolichocephaly- premature closure of sagittal suture
- Oxycephaly/Brachycephaly-premature closure of coronal suture
-
What is myogenesis
The formation of elongated myoblasts from mesenchyme (somites)
-
What is a myotube
Developing muscle cell or fiber that are multinucleated cylinders
-
Cardiac muscle cells differentiate from
Splanchnic mesoderm
-
Smooth muscle cells for around the gut arise from
Splanchnic mesoderm
-
Smooth muscle cells for around blood vessels arise from
Somatic mesoderm
-
Smooth muscle cells for pupillary muscles for the eye, sweat glands, mammary glands, and myoepithelial cells arise from
Ectoderm
-
Cardiac muscle cells from splanchnic mesoderm form
- Cardiac muscle
- Purkinje fibers
-
There are no parasympathetic nerves where
In the limbs or the body wall
-
Purkinje fibers are
Modified muscle cells
-
Hypaxial musculature is found in what region, and develops into
Ventral region, the body wall
-
The Epaxial musculature is found in what region and develops into what muscles
Dorsal, short and long muscles of the back
-
AER means
Apical Ectodermal Ridge, it is found on the ends of developing limbs
-
Damage to the AER causes
The limbs not to grow
-
Dorsal divisions of the limb plexus innervate
Limb extensor muscles
-
Ventral divisions of the limb plexus innervate
Flexor mucles
-
The muscles of the anterior part of the thigh are innervated by nerves from the
Posterior division
-
All extensor muscles come from
A Posterior division
-
Hiltons law is
- Nerves that supply sensory innervation to a joint also supply motor innervation to the muscles that move that joint
- Example - axillary nerve and lateral brachial cutaneous nerve to shoulder joint
-
What is the prune belly syndrome
It is a congenital lack of body wall musculature
-
What causes prune belly
Lacking or no migration of myoblasts or neural crest cells around the anterior body wall (myotomal development)
-
Hirshsprungs disease is
The result is a section of bowel that is essentially paralyzed
-
Arthrogryposis multiplex congenita is
It is also known as joint contractures, and includes the degeneration of motor neurons
-
Torticollis is
Shortening of the sternocleidomastoid muscle "wry neck", can be due to doctor pulling the baby out by the head as well as other causes
|
|
