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Define Anatomy
The study of body structures
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Define gross anatomy
The study of the structural features of the body without the aid of a microscope
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Define microanatomy
The study of microscopic structures
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Define Physiology
The study of how the body functions & of the work that cells must do to keep the body stable & operating efficiently
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Define Homeostasis
The maintenance of a relatively constant internal environment
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Give an example of an item that represents the Chemical Level of organization
Complex protein molecule
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Give an example of an item that represents the Cellular Level of Organization
Heart muscle cell
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Give an example of an item that represents the Tissue Level of Organization
Cardiac muscle tissue
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Give an example of an item that represents the Organ Level of organization
The Heart
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Give an example of an item that represents the Organ System level of organization
Cardiovascular
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Give an example of an item that represents the Organism level of organization
Human body
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Explain Anatomical position
Standing erect w/feet pointed forward, the eyes straight ahead & the palms of the hands facing frwrd w/upper limbs at the sides
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What does supine mean?
When a person in anatomical position is lying on their back
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What does prone mean?
When a person in anatomical position is lying face down
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Anterior is aka?
Ventral or (Inferior) in animals
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Anterior
The front; before
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Ventral
The belly side (eqiv to anterior in humans)
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Posterior
The back; behind
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Dorsal
The back (equiv to posterior in humans)
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Cranial or cephalic
The head
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Superior
Above; at a higher level (in humans twrd the head)
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Caudal
The tail (coccyx in humans)
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Inferior
Below; at a lower level
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Medial
Toward the body's longitudinal axis; toward the midsagittal plane
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Lateral
Away from the body's longitudinal axis; away from the midsagittal plane
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Proximal
Toward an attached base
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Distal
Away from an attached base
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Superficial
At, near, or relatively close to the body surface
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Deep
Farther from the body surface
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Thoracic region
Thorax, Chest
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Pectoral region
Part of chest only rght above breasts
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Abdominal region
Abdomen, Belly, Stomach
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Antebrachial region
Forearm
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Acromial (scapular) region
Shoulder
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Antecubital region
Front of Elbow
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Popliteal region
Back of Knee
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Plantar region
Sole of Foot
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Name the 4 quadrants
RUQ, RLQ, LUQ, LLQ
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RUQ means?
Right Upper Quadrant
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RLQ means?
Right Lower Quadrant
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LUQ means?
Left Upper Quadrant
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LLQ means?
Left Lower Quadrant
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From rght to lft what are the 9 thoracic regions?
RHR,RLR,RIR--ER,UR,HR--LHR,LLR,LIR
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What does RHR stand for?
Right Hypochondriac Region
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What does RLR stand for?
Right Lumbar Region
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What does RIR stand for?
Right Inguinal Region
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What does LHR stand for?
Left Hypochondriac Region
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What does LLR stand for?
Left Lumbar Region
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What does LIR stand for?
Left Inguinal Region
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What does ER stand for?
Epigastric Region
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What does UR stand for?
Umbilical Region
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What does HR stand for?
Hypogastric Region
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Liver is in which quadrant?
RUQ
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Urinary Bladder is in which quadrant?
LLQ
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Gallbladder is in which quadrant?
RUQ
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Stomach is in which quadrant?
LUQ
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Appendix is in which quadrant?
RLQ
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Lrg intestine is in which quadrant?
RUQ
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Spleen is in which quadrant?
LUQ
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Small Intestine is in which quadrant?
RUQ
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Define/Describe Transverse
Horizontal sectioning across the body separating Superior & Inferior sections
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Define/Describe Sagittal
Vertical sectioning, separating body/organ into L&R portions (not equal)
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Define/Describe Midsagittal
Vertical sectioning that equally divides structures into L&R portions
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Define/Describe Parasagittal
Vertical sectioning, separating into L&R portions that produces nearly equal divisions
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Define/Describe Frontal (coronal)
Vertical sectioning that divides body into Anterior and Posterior sections
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Define/Describe Oblique
A diagnal cut (used often in clinical settings)
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Draw pic & label the 9 Abdominopelvic Regions.
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Dorsal Cavity located?
It's a combo of Cranial & Spinal cavities grouped together so it starts at the head and ends at the end of the spine
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Label/Describe Specific location of the Cranial Cavity
The space inside the oval cranium of the skull that surrounds & safeguards the brain
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Label/Describe Specific location of the Spinal Cavity
It's a long, narrow canal that continues through the vertebral column on dorsal. Starts at base of skull and end before coccyx
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What organ is in Cranial Cavity?
Brain
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What organ is in the Spinal Cavity?
Spinal Cord (Nervous System)
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Describe location of Ventral Cavity
Entire body trunk, anterior to the vertebral column and posterior to abdom muscle wall & sternum (breastbone)
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Ventral cavity is split into 2 major subcavities?
What are they?
Thoracic Cavity and Abdominopelvic Cavity
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Subdivisions of Thoracic cavity?
Pleural cavities, Mediastinum, Pericardial cavity
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Subdivisions of Abdominopelvic cavity?
Abdominal cavity, Pelvic cavity, Diaphragm
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Example of structure in Pleural Cavitiy
Lung
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Where is the Pleural cavity?
On each side of the chest
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Where is the Mediastinum?
Between the Pleural cavities
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What structures are in the Mediastinum?
Inferior portions of the esophagus & thymus
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Where is the Pericardial Cavity?
In the Mediastinum
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What is in the Pericardial Cavity?
The Heart
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Where is the Abdominal cavity?
entire front of trunk ( "extends from inferior surface of diaphragm to the level of the superior margins of the pelvis")
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What structure(s) does the Abdominal Cavity contain?
Liver, Stomach, Spleen, S & L Intestines
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Where is the Pelvic Cavity?
"Portion of Ventral Cavity inferior to abdominal cavity"
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What structure(s) does the Pelvic Cavity contain?
Urinary bladder, various reproductive oragans
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Where is the Diaphragm?
Going across the body separating the Abdominal & Thoracic cavities
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Define Diaphragm
A muscle wall located in the Ventral Cavity separating the 2 subdividing cavities Thoracic & Abdominopelvic
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What structure(s) does the Diaphragm contain?
None, it is a muscle wall
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Define Serous membrane
A double layered membrane that isolates an organ & reduces friction & abrasion on the organ's surface
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Fxns of Serous membrane:
1) Lubricates surfaces; prevents friction
2) Anchors organs in on spot
3) Lines Ventral Cavity
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Compare Visceral & Parietal layers of serous membranes
Visceral layer= right on organ's surface
Parietal layer= closer to or anchored on body wall (creating a space)
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Location of Pericardial (serous) membrane
Around the Heart
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Location of Pleural (serous) membrane
Around the Lungs
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Location of Peritoneal (serous) membrane?
Lines the walls of the abdominal cavity & holds certain organs in place (stomach, spleen, gall bladder)---like pleural cavity in thoracic cavity
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Pericarditis
- Inflammation of the pericardial lining
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Pleuritis
- Inflammation of the pleural cavities
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Peritonitis
Inflammation of the peritoneum after infection or injury
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Where can you find Simple squamous epithelium?
Air sacs, lining of blood vessels
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Where can you find Stratified squamous epithelium?
Lining of the mouth, epidermis (skin)
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Where can you find Simple cuboidal epithelium?
Kidneys, liver, pancreas
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Where can you find Stratified cuboidal epithelium?
Sweat glands, sweat gland ducts
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Where can you find Simple columnar epithelium? (with or w/o cilia)
Small intestines
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Where can you find Pseudo-stratified ciliated columnar epithelium?
Trachea, Larynx (a lot of cilia)
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Where can you find Transitional epithelium?
Lines the urinary structures (bladder & ureters)
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Name the types of Epithelium
-Simple squamous epithelium
-Stratified squamous epithelium
-Simple cuboidal epithelium
-Stratified cuboidal epithelium
-Simple columnar epithelium
-Pseudo-stratified ciliated columnar epithelium
Transitional epithelium
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How many kinds of Muscle tissue are there?
What are they?
3---Skeletal, Cardiac, Smooth
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Location of Skeletal muscle tissue
It is attached to bones
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Location of Smooth muscle tissue
Inside hollow organs (stomach, intestines, uterus, blood vessel)
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Location of Cardiac muscle tissue
Forms the walls of the Heart
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Give Acronym for 11 Connective Tissues
MARADE HEFBB
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What is my acronym for MARADE HEFBB
- Used to remember CTs:
- I am= Mischievious, Amazing, Ridiculous, Adventurous, Determined, Energetic
- Helpful, Friendly, Bold, Beautiful
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What does the acronym MARADE HEFBB actually stand for?
- Names of Connective Tissue:
- Mesenchyme, Areolar CT, Reticular CT, Adipose CT, Dense regular CT, Elastic CT, Hyaline cartilage, Elastic cartilage, Fibrous cartilage, Bone-Compact bone, Blood tissue
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Which slide may say "white CT"?
Dense regular CT
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Which slide may say "yellow CT"?
Elastic cartilage
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In Blood CT, what is included?
- Erythrocytes (RBC)
- Leukocytes (WBC)
- Thrombocytes (Platelets)
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Location of Mesenchyme
In the developing Embryo
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Location of Nervous tissue
98% is found in Brain & Spinal Cord
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Location of Neurons
In nervous tissue which is mostly in brain & spinal cord
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Location of Neuroglial cells
Also located in Nervous tissue which is mostly in brain & spinal cord..Little cells surrounding the Neurons
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Location of Areolar CT
On dermis of skin & in serous membranes
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Location of Reticular CT
Inside Liver, Spleen, & Bone marrow
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Location of Adipose CT
Buttocks, Breasts
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Location of Dense regular CT
Tendons, Ligments
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Location of Elastic CT
Vocal cords, Blood vessel walls
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Location of Hyaline cartilage
Forms part of Nasal septum
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Location of Elastic cartilage
Epiglottis, Larnx, Auricle of external ear
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Location of Fibrous cartilage
Pads within knee joint
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Location of Compact Bone
Forms the Skeleton
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Location of Blood tissue
Throughout Entire Body
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