Psychology Midterm 2

theory that humans experience a small number of distinct emotions, and that these have distinct biological roots with evolutionary functions

small number (perhaps 7) of emotions believed by some theorists to be cross-culturally universal

an array of emotions arising from the primary emotions

genuine expression of happiness (upward turned mouth, creased eyelids or eyes)

the fake smile (upward turned mouth, but not eyes)

deep-seated similarities in communication across animal species

cross-cultural guidelines for how and when to express emotions

theory proposing that emotions are products of thinking rather than biology

theory proposing that emotions result from our interpretations of our bodily reactions to stimuli

theory proposing that we use our “gut reactions” to help us determine how we should act

a rare condition marked by a deterioration of autonomic nervous system neurons beginning in middle age. Individuals with PAF don’t experience increases in heart rate or sweating to emotional stimuli

theory proposing that an emotion-provoking event leads simultaneously to an emotion and to bodily reactions

theory proposing that emotions are produced by an undifferentiated state of arousal along with an attribution (explanation of that arousal)

phenomenon in which repeated exposure to a stimulus makes us more likely to feel favorably toward it

idea that blood vessels in the face feed back temperature information in the brain, altering our experience of emotions

psychological drives that propel us in a specific direction

theory proposing that certain drives, like hunger, thirst, and sexual frustration, motivate us to act in ways that minimize aversive states

biological equilibrium

a predisposition toward certain stimuli (e.g. food, bed for sleeping)

a disposition away from certain stimuli (e.g. bitter veggies, studying for exams)

theories proposing that we’re often motivated by positive goals

being motivated by internal goals (when you innately like something and want to do it)

being motivated by external goals (e.g. when you do something because you’re paid to do it or you get some external reward for it)

once we receive reinforcement for performing a behavior, we anticipate that reinforcement again. If the reinforcement is suddenly withdrawn, we’re less likely to perform the behavior

reflect biological necessities

reflect psychological necessities (e.g. need for achievement, need for social interaction, need for belonging)

Maslow’s model proposing that we must satisfy physiological needs and needs for safety/security before progressing to more complex needs

(hypothesized to be) important for initiating eating

(hypothesized to be) important for stopping eating (satiety, or fullness)

theory that when our blood glucose levels drop, hunger creates a drive to eat to restore the proper level of glucose

hormone that signals the hypothalamus and brain stem to reduce appetite and increase the amount of energy used

phase in human sexual response triggered by whatever prompts sexual interest

phase in human sexual response in which people experience sexual pleasure and notice physiological changes associated with it

phase in human sexual response marked by involuntary rhythmic contractions of the muscles of genitals in both men and women

phase in human sexual response following orgasm, I which people report relaxation and a sense of well-being