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Discrete emotions theory
theory that humans experience a small number of distinct emotions, and that these have distinct biological roots with evolutionary functions
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Primary emotions
small number (perhaps 7) of emotions believed by some theorists to be cross-culturally universal
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Secondary emotions
an array of emotions arising from the primary emotions
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Duchene smile
genuine expression of happiness (upward turned mouth, creased eyelids or eyes)
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Pan Am smile
the fake smile (upward turned mouth, but not eyes)
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Motivation Structural Rules
deep-seated similarities in communication across animal species
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Display rules
cross-cultural guidelines for how and when to express emotions
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Cognitive theories of emotion
theory proposing that emotions are products of thinking rather than biology
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James-Lange Theory of Emotion
theory proposing that emotions result from our interpretations of our bodily reactions to stimuli
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Somatic Marker Theory
theory proposing that we use our “gut reactions” to help us determine how we should act
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Pure autonomic failure (PAF)
a rare condition marked by a deterioration of autonomic nervous system neurons beginning in middle age. Individuals with PAF don’t experience increases in heart rate or sweating to emotional stimuli
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Cannon-Bard Theory of Emotion
theory proposing that an emotion-provoking event leads simultaneously to an emotion and to bodily reactions
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Two-factor Theory of Emotion
theory proposing that emotions are produced by an undifferentiated state of arousal along with an attribution (explanation of that arousal)
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Mere exposure effect
phenomenon in which repeated exposure to a stimulus makes us more likely to feel favorably toward it
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Facial feedback hypothesis
idea that blood vessels in the face feed back temperature information in the brain, altering our experience of emotions
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Motivation
psychological drives that propel us in a specific direction
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Drive reduction theory
theory proposing that certain drives, like hunger, thirst, and sexual frustration, motivate us to act in ways that minimize aversive states
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Homeostasis
biological equilibrium
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Approach
a predisposition toward certain stimuli (e.g. food, bed for sleeping)
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Avoidance
a disposition away from certain stimuli (e.g. bitter veggies, studying for exams)
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Incentive Theories
theories proposing that we’re often motivated by positive goals
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Intrinsic motivation:
being motivated by internal goals (when you innately like something and want to do it)
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Extrinsic motivation
being motivated by external goals (e.g. when you do something because you’re paid to do it or you get some external reward for it)
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Contrast effect
once we receive reinforcement for performing a behavior, we anticipate that reinforcement again. If the reinforcement is suddenly withdrawn, we’re less likely to perform the behavior
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Primary needs
reflect biological necessities
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Secondary needs
reflect psychological necessities (e.g. need for achievement, need for social interaction, need for belonging)
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Hierarchy of needs:
Maslow’s model proposing that we must satisfy physiological needs and needs for safety/security before progressing to more complex needs
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Lateral hypothalamus
(hypothesized to be) important for initiating eating
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Ventromedial hypothalamus
(hypothesized to be) important for stopping eating (satiety, or fullness)
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Glucostatic theory
theory that when our blood glucose levels drop, hunger creates a drive to eat to restore the proper level of glucose
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Leptin
hormone that signals the hypothalamus and brain stem to reduce appetite and increase the amount of energy used
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Desire phase
phase in human sexual response triggered by whatever prompts sexual interest
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Excitement phase
phase in human sexual response in which people experience sexual pleasure and notice physiological changes associated with it
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Orgasm (climax) phase
phase in human sexual response marked by involuntary rhythmic contractions of the muscles of genitals in both men and women
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Resolution phase
phase in human sexual response following orgasm, I which people report relaxation and a sense of well-being
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