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Cognitive Psychology
Examination of behavior in "normal" subjects
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Neuropsychology
Examination of behavior in brain-damaged subjects
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Neuroimaging
Measurements of neural activity across the entire brain or some large subset of (fMRI, PET, ERP)
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Neurophysiology
Recording from individual cells
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Behaviorism vs. Cognitivism
Cog. tried to determine what was taking place between the stimulus and the response that may be explained by something in the brain
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How to conduct a cognitive experiment
- subjects do a single task
- measure reaction time or accuracy
- Determines
- Representations: How information is stored in the brain
- Processes: How the brain manipulates and transforms this info
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Posner letter matching test
Determine if two letters are from same or different category
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Cognitive Subtraction
- present a light hit a button
- hit a button when light is green not red
- hit left button when green; right button when red
T2-T1 or T3-T1
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shepard Mental Rotation Task
Mental rotation and parametric variation
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advantages/short comings of Cognitive psych experiments
- not messy
- first look at what we may be able to understand
not constrained
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Real World Landmark learning
- G and his wife (3 times have to identify landmarks)
- got many of them wrong
- could not draw hotel room
- could not draw the lab room
- could draw his old apt
hypothesis: maybe has trouble encoding scenes into memory but not objects
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Process Dissociation Steps
- 1. Identify a specific cognitive deficit
- 2. Demonstrate the deficit does not exist in all people (control experiment)
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What is the problem with sigle dissociation
what if the task that is harder just simply taps the deficit more than the other task?
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graphs should be laid out with
- performance on Y axis
- task on X axis
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Double dissociation
- uses another group of subjects that are impaired and have them serve as a 3rd study group
- that are impaired on teh otehr task-
- so 1 group impaired on task 1
- 1 group impaired on task 2
- control group not impaired at all
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We _____tasks
We _____processes
OBSERVE
INFER
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since we never observe ____directly _____are possible
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For double dissociations, don't have to use brain damaged subjects, can also use
behavioral manipulations (condition 1 and condition 2)
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Working Memory Delayed-Recognition Tasks
inserting face distractors and scene distractors
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Working Memory Delayed- Recognition tasks (describe single and double)
- Single- just have face distractors and no distracts
- Double- have face distractors and scene distractors
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Double Dissociation tells you
- Independence of two cogntive processes
- ...and sometimes the neural bases for those processes
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To establish structure-function more closesly use
group studies
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EEG
Electroencelphalograph
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a dipole is when
- When neurons are oriented parallel to each other and fire in synchrony,
- produce a voltage differential
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a dipole is created by what cells
post-synaptic, pyramidal
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groups of neurons can be measured when
they are oriented paralles to each other and perpendicular to the cortical surface, electrical activity can propogate and be recorded
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a variation in voltage is revealed when
the voltage differential in a pair of electrodes attached to the scalp is recorded over tim
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An ERP is
The pattern of electrical activity measured at thescalp, but produced by the brain, characteristic ofa particular event, e.g. visual, motor, cognitive.
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ERP measures
the brain potenetial that is observed during the presentation of an event
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ERP components
features of waveforms related to experimental events or conditions
these are reversed on the graphical representations
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What can we infer from ERP's
- Amplitude
- Latency
- Topography
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EEG and ERP
EEG is ongoing
ERP is an event )removing teh noise)
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ERP is a series of
voltage deflections
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