Clin Path: CBC

Sodium fluoride which preserves glucose

Heparin-lithium~ interferes the least with chemistries, bicarb, and blood gases

20-30 minutes

PCV, Plasma Protein, and total WBC count

WBC differential, RBC morphology, platelet estimate, and evaluation of other blood content

Hemoglobin concentration, MCV, and platlet count

• -Produced in liver
• -Liver specific in dogs, cats, and lab animals
• -Evaluation- Liver Disease/ infection, neoplasia, bile duct obstruction, trauma.
• -Muscle disease in large animal

• -Muscle is #1 source
• -Evaluation- Any muscle trauma, difficult blood pull and/ or restraint, Physical Trauma (High activity in Horses), Heart attack, Hemolysis, Liver Disease

• -Liver and Cholestasis
• -Not Specific but really good indicator of Cholestasis in dogs and cats
• -Elevation- Normal Young animals, Bone Disease, pancreatitis, Biliary obstruction
• -Disease may include; Cushing’s Hepatic Neoplasia, Hepatic Lipidosis

• -LIVER; this is the specific liver test of choice in large animal!
• -Not readily available
• -Elevation- Liver disease in Large Animal, Possible Severe Inflammatory GI Disease in Horses

• -*Large Animal
• -LIVER- good potential as excellent diagnostic test
• -Not widely available or standardized

• -LIVER- Considered Liver Specific
• -Elevation- Liver disease, Newborn~ indicates passive transfer-drugs

• -Liver Function Test!!!
• -Specific and more useful than just enzymes
• -Made in liver from cholesterol
• -Stored in Gall Bladder
• -Released to aid in fat digestion and then brought back to liver
• -Liver either reuses or removes
• -Elevation- Indicates a dysfunction in liver but not the disease

• -From normal breakdown of Heme
• -Brought to liver bound to Albumin for transfer
• -Conjugated with sugars and eliminated through feces
• -Elevation- High conjugated bilirubin~ Liver Damage, High Un-Conjugated bilirubin~ RBC destruction

• -Generally viewed with
• -Creatinine, phosphorus, and SG
• -Comes from protein catabolism
• -Urea made in liver and excreted by Kidney
• ->75% of nephrons must be damaged before you see elevation
• -Low BUN~ Liver disease or significant protein intake reduction
• -Not as Kidney specific as Creatinine
• -Not as helpful in Equine and Bovine
• -Elevation- Azoteimia, catabolism, recent high protein meal, Upper GI Bleed

• -Waste Produced from the muscle
• -More Kidney Specific than BUN
• -Less sensitive then BUN
• -Directly indicates reduced GFR
• -Assesses for Glomerular disease by quantifying protein leakage in GF

• -Generally send out 10-15 mls of urine collected by cysto
• -P:C <1~ normal
• -P:C 1-5~ fever, high activity, hemoglobinemia
• -P:C >5~ Renal Disease

Amylase, Lipase, Glucose, Trypsin

• -Primary organ is Pancreas- involved in carbohydrate digestion
• -Not as specific as Lipace
• -Atleast 2-3 x normal before we think pancreatitis
• -Often does not raise in cats with pancreatitis
• -Elevation-Pancreatitis/ disease, renal failure, intestinal disease

• -Pancreas- involved in fat digestion
• -More specific than amylase but still need 2-3x elevation to think pancreatitis
• -Elavation- Pancreatitis/ Disease, Severe GI Disease, Decreased GFR

• -Indirect measure of pancreatic (endocrine) function
• -Easier to measure than insulin
• -FASTED SAMPLE!! And collect in Grey top to prevent breakdown
• -Decrease- Malnourishment, Insulinoma, young small puppy, Addison’s, Megadoses of Vit C
• Elevation- Non-fatsed smaple, Diabetes Melitus, Stress/ Epinephrine (SP cows and cats), Cushing’s

Glomular Filtration Rate

Becoming standard for diabetes testing

• -Fecal sample, not blood
• -Helps Digest Protein
• -Test: Mix fresh sample with Knox gelatin solution. If present (which it should be) will not set. Will set as gelatin in absent

Carry electrical charge; Cations or anions

• -Stabilize Osmotic Pressure
• -Both high and low extremes can cause neurologic signs and death!

Dilution, CHF, Liver Disease, Kidney Disease, Addison’s

Dehydration, ADH deficiency

• -Proper cardiac function
• -Nerve muscle function
• -Resting Membrane Potential
• -Intracelluar cation
• -Most in muscle
• -Either extreme is life-threatening

Dilution, Polyuria, Diuretic Therepy, CRF, <2.5 à sign of muscle weakness

Cellular damage, Insulin deficiency (need to move into cell), ARF, Post-Renal Azotemia, Addison’s, >7.5 àsevere cardiac disturbance

• -Follows Sodium
• -Major plasma anion
• -Usually assessed in relation to Na+

• -Anion
• -Major Buffer
• -Key in CO2 transport to lungs

Increase in Bicarb

Decrease in Bicarb

• -Technically a mineral- 99% housed in bones
• -# major functions- hemostasis, Structure, and Neuromuscular activity
• -Calcium and phosphorous usually have inverse relationship

• -50/50 free vs; protein bound
• -Albumin concentration can total calcium but not frre
• -FREE calcium is the only ACTIVE
• -Only a change in free ionized calcium with show signs
• -pH will alter how much calcium is free
• -increase in pHà decrease in Ca++
• -Decrease in pHà increase Ca++

Calcifies

Hypothyroidism, Vit D dif, Milk fever, CRF

Neoplasia(think Lymphoid tumor), toxicity, bone destruction, Hyperthyroidism

• -Typically changes inversely to calcium
• -80-90% in bones
• -Major Intracellular anion
• -Integral to ATP

Increase loss d/t diuretics, Complication of insulin, Hemolysis if severeà CNS signs, ataxia, seizure

Renal failureà decrease excreation, hyperthyroidism in some cats, hypoparathyroidismà increase phosphate, decrease Calcium