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When was the Baroque period?
1600-1750
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When was the Classical Period?
1750-1830
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When was the Romantic Perod?
1830-1900
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When was the Contemporary Period?
1900-present
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List the five characteristics of Baroque music.
- Polyphonic Texture
- Use of Ornamentation
- Improvisation (Figured Bass)
- Dance Suite
- Terrace Dynamics (for harpsichord, clavichord, and organ)
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Describe polyphonic texture used in the Baroque Period.
- two or more separate voices
- voices interchanged
- melodies passed between parts
- all parts of equal importance
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Describe use of ornamentation during the Baroque Period.
- composers included trills, mordents, etc.
- performers should know how to play the ornaments
- performers could add their own ornaments at appropiate places
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Describe improvisation in the Baroque Period.
- performers often played cadenzas, entire sections of music that they created by themselves
- also used figured bass, an outline of the chord progression to improvise harmonies
- added ornaments
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Describe Dances of the Baroque Suites.
composition of many different dancees, all in the same key
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Describe terraced dynamics and why they were used during the Baroque Period.
- used because instruments like the harpsichord, clavichord, and organ were used instead of the piano
- terraced dynamics are when dynamics increase or decrease by sections, not gradually
- piano was perfected late in the period
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Where was Arcangelo Corelli from and when was he born and when did he die?
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What positions did Arcangelo Corelli's hold?
- directer of music to Cardinal Pamphili
- director of music to Cardinal Pietro Ottoboni
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What were Arcangelo Corelli's compositions?
- several volumes of chamber music (trio sonatas and solo violin sonatas)
- famous for Christmas Concerto
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What was Arcangelo Corelli's compositional style?
- key changes and dissonance
- innovative for his time
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Where and when was Henry Purcell born and when did he die?
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What positions did Henry Purcell hold?
- organist for Westminster Abbey
- organist for Chapel Royal
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What were Henry Purcell's types of works?
instrumental music, choral anthems, four operas, longer choral works with orchestra
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Where was Jean Phillip Rameau from and when was he born and when did he die?
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What positions did Jean Phillip Rameau hold?
organist in Avignon, Clermont, Paris, Notre Dame, and Clermont Cathedral (France)
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What type of compositions did Jean Phillip Rameau compose?
harpsichord works, operas, ballets, stage works, and instrumental chamber music
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What theoretical works did Jean Phillip Rameau compose?
Traied de l'harmonie, Nouveau systeme de musique
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Name eight other Baroque composers (besides Jean Phillip Rameau, Henry Purcell, and Arcangelo Correlli) their places of birth, and their dates of birth and death.
- J.S. Bach- Germany 1685-1750
- Girolamo Frescobaldi- Italy 1583-1643
- G.F. Handel- Germany 1685-1760
- Johann Philipp Kirnberger- Germany 1721-1783
- Domenco Scarlatti- Italy 1685-1757
- Antonio Soler- Spain 1729-1783
- Georg Philipp Telemann- Germany 1681-1767
- Antonio Vivaldi- Italy 1678-1741
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List the four characteristics of music from the Classical Period.
- homophonic texture
- cadence points usually obvious
- alberti bass
- sonata and sonatina forms
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Describe homophonic texture used during the Classical Period.
had an obvious melody with accompaniment
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Describe how cadence points were usually obvious in the Classical Period.
- harmonic structure of Classical music was clear
- cadences were obvious- harmonically and by the use of rests at the end of of sections
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Describe Alberti Bass.
- common type of accompaniment for left hand in Classicla Period
- repeated pattern: CGEG CGEG do so mi so do so mi so
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Describe Sonata and Sonatina forms.
- these forms were developed
- specific type of composition
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When and where was Ludwig van Beethoven born and when did he die?
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What types of compositions did Ludwig van Beethoven compose?
- string quartets
- piano concertos, trios, and sonatas
- symphonies
- works for solo instruments
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What music was Beethoven influenced by?
influenced by events in the French Revolution
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Who did Beethoven study with?
Franz Josef Haydn
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Where was Franz Josef Haydn from and when was he born and when did he die?
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What was Franz Josef Haydn's education like?
studied at the Vienna Choir School
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What musical form did Haydn develop?
- standard four-movement format for symphonies
- Sonata Allegro form
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What positions did Franz Josef Haydn hold?
music director to Prince Esterhazy
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What types of works did Haydn compose?
- piano sonatas
- operas
- string quartets
- over 100 symphonies
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What were Haydn's nicknames and why?
Father of the Symphony or Papa Haydn because he composed over 100 symphonies
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Where was Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart born and when was he born and when did he die?
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Describe Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart's childhood.
- was a child prodigy
- performed and travelled throughout Europe
- began improvising and composing before the age of five
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What types of compositions did Mozart compose?
- piano sonata and concertos
- operas
- symphonies
- sonatas and conertos for other instruments
- Requiem for choir and orchestra
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What positions did Mozart hold?
music director for the Archbishop of Salzburg
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Name for other Classical composers (besides Mozart, Beethoven, and Haydn) their places of birth, and their dates of birth and death.
- Muzio Clementi- Italy 1752-1832
- Carl Czerny- Austria 1791-1857
- Anton Diabelli- Austria 1781-1858
- Frederich Kuhlau- Germany 1786-1832
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List the four characteristics of music from the Romantic Period.
- Programme Music
- More complicated harmonies
- Lyric melodies
- More complicated rhythms
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Describe Programme Music of the Romantic Period.
- titles in the music of this period reflect the mood of the piece
- much of the music was written about hings, people, places, or feelings
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Describe how harmonies were more complicated in the Romantic Period.
- complser began to add more colorful notes to their chords
- used more chromaticism
- stryed from the tonal scale
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Describe Lyric melodies of the Romantic Period.
- melodies are lovely
- singing melodis
- these songs have become favorites among music lovers
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Describe how rhythms became more complicated in the Romantic Period.
- contains syncopated rhythms
- complicated sixteenth note patterns
- dotted rhythms
- triplets
- cross rhythms
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Where and when was Johannes Brahms born and when did he die?
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What are some of Johannes Brahms works?
- two piano concertos and sonatas
- piano quartets and quintets
- the Requiem
- other choral works
- symphonies
- short piano pieces
- clarinet sonatas
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With which composers was Brahms associated with?
Liszt and Schumann
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When and where was Franz Liszt born and when did he die?
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Talk about Franz Liszt's childhood.
- receive financial assistance based on talent and studied with Czerny and Salier
- child prodigy; travelled and performed
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What positions did Franz Liszt hold?
Kappelmeister Extraordinary in Weimar (1848)
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What types of compositions did Franz Liszt write?
- piano pieces: sonata, Hungarian Rhapsodies, consolatons, ballades, polonaises, Transcendental Etudes, and more
- piano concertos
- symphonic poems
- songs
- transcriptions of works by otheres
- choral works including oratorios
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What was Franz Liszt inspired by?
his homeland (Hungary)
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Where was Peter Ilyich Tchaikovsky born and when was he born and when did he die?
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What was Tchaikovsky's education?
attended the St. Petersburg School of Jurisprudence from ages 10-19
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What positions did Tchaikovsky hold?
taught at Moscow Conservatory
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What types of compositions did Tchaikovsky write?
- operas
- symphonic poems
- ballets (i.e. Swan Lake and The Nutcracker)
- piano concertos
- symphonies
- violin concerto
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What other contributions did Tchaiskovsky give to music?
wrote textbooks i.e. Guide to the Practical Study of Harmony
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What was Tchaikovsky influenced by?
influenced by the folk music with which he was raised
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Name eight other Romantic composers (besides Tchaikovsky, Liszt, and Brahms), their places of birth, and their dates of birth and death.
- Frederick Chopin- Poland 1810-1849
- Antonin Dvorak- Prague 1841-1904
- John Field- Ireland 1782-1837
- Edvard Grieg- Norway 1843-1907
- Stephen Heller- Hungary 1813-1888
- Felix Bartholdy-Mendelssohn- Germany 1809-1847
- Franz Schubert- Austria 1797-1828
- Robert Schumann- Germany 1810-1856
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What is impressionism and when was it?
- sometimes used to describe music of a few late 19th and early century composers (especially Debussy and Ravel)
- borrowed from the painting of Monet, Degas, and Renoir
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name some of the characteristics of Impressionistic music
unclear tonalities, non-metric rhythms, tends to flow, is musically "blureed", whole tone scales, pentatonic scales, parallel chords, augmented triads, ostinato figures
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Dates of birth and death of Claude Debussy and his country of birth.
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Claude Debussy's education:
- no formal music training until 1871- Paris Conservatory
- studied compositiion with Guiraud
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How did Claude Debussy make his living?
as a professional composer and conductor
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What types of compositions did Claude Debussy write?
- piano preludes and etudes
- opera
- orchestral works
- Children's Corner suite for piano
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When and where was Maurice Ravel born and when did he die?
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What was Maurice Ravel's education?
attended Paris Conservatory
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What was Maurice Ravel known for besides music?
beautifful orchestrations of his own and others' works
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What types of compositions did Maurice Ravel write?
ballets, orchestral works, piano works
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When and where was Charles Tomlinson Griffes borne and when did he die?
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Talk about Charles Tomlinson Griffes's education.
- studied piano with Mary Selna Broughton
- studied at Berlin at the Stern Conservatory
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What positions did Griffes hold?
taught at the Hackley School in Tarrytown, NY
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What types of compositions did Griffes write?
- songs
- chamber music
- stage works
- a piano sonata
- several short pieces for piano
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What was Griffes influenced by?
he was influenced by traditional Japanese songs
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List the nine characteristics of music from the Contemporary Period.
- major and minor tonalities avoided
- quartal harmnoy
- bitonality
- polytonality
- atonality
- irregular and changing meters
- polyphonic texture
- neo-classic writing
- serial or twelve-tone music
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Describe what was used in place of major and minor tonalities in the Contemporary Period.
they use non-tonal (not Major or minor keys) harmonies
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Describe quartal harmonies used in the Contemporary Period.
use of 4ths to make up chords, rather than thirds
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Describe bitonality.
the use of two different keys at the same time.
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Describe polytonality.
the use of many different keys at the same time.
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Describe atonality.
no specific key used
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Describe irregular and changing meters used during the contemporary Period.
- composers often use uncommon time signatures (i.e 5/4 or 7/4)
- change the time signature during the music (complex meter)
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Describe polyphonic texture used during the Contemporary Period.
harmonies become the result of the entanglinng of the melodic lines
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Describe neo-classic writing.
composers of the Contemporary Period often write Sonata, Sonatinas, or other forms which were common in the Classical Period
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Describe Serial or Twelve-Tone Music.
- the twelve tones of the chromatic scale are arrange in a fixed style, or series
- the entire piece will be based on the intervals of the series
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What is the Prime in Serial Music?
original series, usually presented first in the compositon
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What is the Inversion in Serial Music?
created by inverting all the intervals of the prime (for example, P4 up becomes P4 down)
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What is the Retrograde in Serial Music?
created by reversing the prime (backwards)
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What is the Retrograde Inversion in Serial Music?
is created by inverting the intervals of the retrograde
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When and where was Aaron Copland born and when dd he die?
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What was Aaron Copland's education?
began piano study at age thirteen
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What positions did Aaron Copland hold?
- taught at New School for Social Research in NY
- taught composition at Tanglewood
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What was Aaron Copland's style?
use of neo-classic style combined with jazz elements
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What compositions did Aaron Copland write?
- ballets
- a piano concerto
- varied works for solo instruments and piano
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What books did Aaron Copland write?
- The New Music
- Music and Imagination
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When and where was Charles Ives born and when did he die?
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What was Charles Ives's education?
- taught the fundamentals of music by his father
- studied with Horatio Parker at Yale
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What was Charles Ives's style of writing?
- highly innovative
- used bitonality, atonality, and quartertones
- use of two different and clashing meters at once
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What were some of Charles Ives's works?
- many songs- well known tunes or hymns arranged in 20th century style
- piano sonatas
- orchestral works
- chamber music
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Where is George Gershwin from and when was he born and when did he die?
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What was George Gershwin's education?
- studied piano with Charles Hambitzer
- studied composition with Henry Cowell and Joseph Schillinger
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What was George Gershwin's style?
known for combining "classical " forms with popular (jazz) style
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What were some of George Gershwin's works?
- Rhapsody in Blue for paino and orchestra
- An American in Paris for orchestra
- the opera Porgy and Bess
- piano pieces
- songs
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Name eight other Contemporary composers, their places of birth, and their dates of birth and death.
- Bela Bartok- Hungary 1881-1945
- Benjamin Britten- England 1913-1976
- Norman Dellla-Joio- U.S.A. 1913-present
- Dmitri Kabalevsky- Russia 1904-1987
- Francis Poulenc- France 1899-1963
- Sergei Prokofiev- Russia 1891-1953
- Dmiti Shostakovich- Russia 1906-1975
- Igor Stravinsky- Russia 1882-1971
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