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The symbol of the Republican political tactic of attacking Democrats with reminders of the Civil War
the bloody shirt
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Corrupt construction company whose bribes and payoffs to congressmen and others created a major Grant administration scandal
Credit Mobilier
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Short-lived thrid party of 1872 that attempted to curp Grant administration corruption
Liberal Republican Party
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Mark Twain's sarcastic name for the post-Civil War era, which emphasized its atmosphere of greed and corruption
Gilded Age
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Civil War Union veterans' organization that became a potent political bulwark of the republican party in the late nineteenth century
Grand Army of the Republic
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Republican party faction led by Senator Rscoe Conkling that opposed all attempts at civil-service reform
Stalwarts
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Republican party faction led my Senator James G. Blaine that paid lip service to government reform while still battling for patronage and spoils
half-breeds
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The complex political agreement between Republicans and Democrats that resolved the bitterly disputed election of 1876
Compromise of 1877
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Sky-high Republican tariff of 1890 that caused widespread anger among farmers in the Midwest and the South
McKinley's Tariff
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Insurgent political party that gained widespread support among farmers in the 1890s
Populists (People's Party)
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Great military leader whose presidency foundered in corruption and political ineptitude
Ulysses S. Grant
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Bold and unprincipled financier whose plot to corner the U.S. gold market nearly succeeded in 1869
Jim Fisk
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Colorful, eccentric newspaper editor who carried the Liberal Republican and Democratic banners against Grant in 1872
Horace Greeley
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Wealthy New York financier whose bank collapse in 1873 set off an economic depression
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Imperious New York senator and leader of the "Stalwart" faction of Republicans
Roscoe Conkling
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Charming but corrupt "Half-breed" Republican senator and presidential nominee in 1884
James G. Blaine
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Winner of the contested 1876 election who presided over the end of Reconstruction and a sharp economic downturn
Rutherford B. Hayes
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President whose assassination after only a few months in office spurred the passage of a civil-service law
James Garfield
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First Democratic president since the Civil War; defender of laissez-faire economics and low tariffs
Grover Cleveland
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Eloquent young Congressman from Nebraska who became the most prominent advocate of "free silver" in the early 1890's
William Jennings Bryan
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Enormously wealthy banker whose secret bailout of the federal government in 1895 aroused fierce public anger
J.P. Morgan
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Federally owned acreage granted to the railroad companies in order to encourage the building of rail lines
land grants
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The original transcontinental railroad, commissioned by Congress, which built its rail line west from Omaha
Union Pacific Railroad
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The California-based railroad company, headed by Leland Stanford,that employed Chinese laboreres in building lines across the mountains
Central Pacific Railroad
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Dishonest device by which railroad promoters artificially inflated the price of their stocks and bonds
stock watering
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Supreme Court case of 1886 that prevented states from regulating railroads or other forms of interstate commerce
Wabash case
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Federal regulatory agency often used by rail companies to stabilize the industry and prevent ruinous competition
Interstate Commerce Commission
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Term that identified southern promoters' belief in a technologically advanced industrial South
New South
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The conservative labor group that successfully organized a minority of American workers but left others out
American Federation of Labor
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Former Calfiornia governor and organizer of the Central Pacific Railroad
Leland Stanford
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Public-spirited railroad builder who assisted farmers in the northern areas served by his rail lines
James J. Hill
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Aggressive energy-industry monopolist who used tough means to build a trust based on "horizontal integration"
John D. Rockefeller
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Aggressive eastern railroad builder and consolidator who scorned the law as an obstacle to his enterprise
Cornelius Vanderbilt
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Former teacher of the deaf whose invention created an entire new industry
Alexander Graham Bell
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Inventive genius of industrialization who worked on devices such as the electric light, the phonograph, and the motion picture
Thomas Edison
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Scottish immigrant who organzied a vast new industry on the principle of "vertical integration"
Andrew Carnegie
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Eloquent leader of a secretive labor organization that made substantial gains in the 1880s before it suddenly collapsed
Terence V. Powderly
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Illinois governor who pardoned the Haymarket anarchists
John P. Altgeld
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Term for the post-1880 newcomers who came to America primarily from southern and eastern Europe
New Immigration
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The religious doctrines preached by those who believed the churches should directly address economics and social problems
social gospel
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Settlement house in the Chicago slums that became a model for women's involvement in urban social reform
Hull House
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Nativist organization that attacked "New Immigrants" and Roman Catholicism in the 1880s and the 1890s
American Protective Association
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Organization founded by W.E.B. Du Bois and others to advance black social and economic equality
NAACP
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Henry George's best-selling book that advocated social reform through the imposition of a "single tax" on land
Progress and Poverty
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Federal law promoted by a self-appointed morality crusader and used to prosecute moral and sexual dissidents
Cornstock Law
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Women's organization founded by reformer Frances Willard and others to oppose alcohol consumption
Women's Christian Temperance Union
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Leading social reformer who lived with the poor in the slums and pioneered new forms of activism for women
Jane Addams
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Popular evangelical preacher who brought the tradition of old-time revivalism to the industrial city
Dwight Moody
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Former slave who promoted industrial education and economic opportunity but not social equality for blacks
Booker T. Washington
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Harvard-educated scholar and advocate of full black social and economic equality through the leadership of a "talented tenth"
W.E.B. Du Bois
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Harvard scholar who made original contributions to modern psychology and philosophy
William James
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Controverisal reformer whose book Progress and Poverty advocated solving problems of economic inequality by a tax on land
Henry George
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Midwestern-born writer and lecturer who created a new style of American literature based on social realism and humor
Mark Twain
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Radical feminist propagandist whose eloquent attacks on conventional social morality shocked many Americans in the 1870s
Victoria Woodhull
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Well-connected and socially prominent historian who feared modern trends and sought relief in the beauty and culture of the past
Henry Adams
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Southwestern Indian trible led by Geronimo that carried out some of the last fighting against white conquest
Apaches
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Indian religious movement, originating out of the sacred Sun Dance that the federal government attempted to stamp out in 1890
Ghost Dance
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Federal law that attempted to dissolve tribal landholding and establish Indians as individual farmers
Dawes Severalty Act
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Huge silver and gold deposit that brought wealth and statehood to Nevada
Comstock Lode
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General term for the herding of cattle from the grassy plains to the railroad terminals of Kansas, Nebraska, and Wyoming
long drive
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Federal law that offered generous land opportunities to poorer farmers but also provided the unscrupulous with opportunities for hoaxes and fraud
Homestead Act
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Bitter labor conflict in Chicago that brought gederal intervention and the jailing of union leader Eugene V. Debs
Pullman Strike
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Spectacular convention speech by a young pro-silver advocate that brought him the Democratic presidential nomination in 1896
Cross of Gold speech
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Popular term for those who favored the "status quo" in mental money and opposed the pro-silver Bryanites in 1896
"goldbugs"
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Site of major U.S. Army defeat in the Sioux War of 1876-1877
Little Big Horn
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Leader of the Sioux during wars of 1876-1877
Sitting Bull
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Leader of the Nez Perce tribe who conducted a brilliant but unsuccessful military campaign in 1877
Chief Joeseph
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Leader of the Apaches of Arizona in their warfare with the whites
Geronimo
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Massachusetts writer whose books aroused sympathy for the plight of the Native Americans
Helen Hunt Jackson
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Author of the popular pro-silver pamphlet "Coin's Financial School"
William Hope Harvey
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Railway union leader who converted to socialism while serving jail time during the Pullman strike
Eugene V. Debs
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Former Civil War general and Granger who ran as the Greenback Labor party candidate for president in 1880
James Weaver
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Eloquent Kansas Populist who urged farmers to "raise less corn and more hell"
Mary Lease
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Ohio industrialist and organizer of McKinley's victory over Bryan in the election of 1896
Mark Hanna
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American battleship sent on a "friendly" visit to Cuba that ended in disaster and war
Maine
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John Hay's clever diplomatic efforts to preserve Chinese territorial integrity and maintain American access to China
Open Door notes
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Antiforeign Chinese revolt of 1900 that brought military intervention by Western troops, including Americans
Boxer Rebellion
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Diplomatic agreement of 1901 that permitted the United States to build and fortify a Central American canal alone, without British involvement
Hay-Pauncefote-Treaty
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Questionable extension of a traditional American policy; declared an American right to intervene in Latid American nations under certain circumstances
Roosevelt Corollary
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Diplomatic understanding of 1907-1908 that ended a Japanese American crisis over treatment of Jamapense immigrantsto the U.S.
Gentlemen's Agreement
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American naval officer who wrote influential books emphasizing sea power and advocating a big navy
Alfred Thayer Mahan
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Filipino leader of a guerilla war against American rule from 1899-1901
Emilio Aguinaldo
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Spanish general whose brutal tactics against Cuban rebels outraged American public opinion
Valeriano Weyler
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Naval commander whose spectacular May Day victory in 1898 opened the doors to American imperialsim in Asia
George E. Dewey
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Imperialist advocate, aggressive assistant navy secretary, Rough Riders
Theodore Roosevelt
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Americal secretary of state who attempted to preserve Chinese independence and protect American interests in China
John Hay
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Scheming French engineer who helped stage a revolution in Panama and then became the new country's "instant" foreign minister
Philippe Bunau-Varilla
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Popular journalists who used publicity to expose corruption and attack abuses of power in business and government
muckrakers
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Progressive proposal to allow voters to bypass state legislatures and propose legislation themselves
initiative
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Progressive device that would enable voters to remove corrupt or ineffective officials from office
recall
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Effective railroad-regulation law of 1906 that greatly strengthened the Interstate Commerce Commission
Hepburn Act
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Disastrous industrial fire of 1911 that spurred workmen's compensation laws and some state regulation of wages and hours in New York
Triangle Shirtwaist Fire
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Upton Sinclair's novel that inspired proconsumer federal laws regulating meant, food, and drugs
The Jungle
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Generally unsuccessful Taft foreign policy in which government attempted to encourage overseas business ventures
dollar diplomacy
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Eccentric economist who criticized the wealthy for "comspicuous consumption" and failure to serve real human needs
Thorstein Veblen
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Early muckrakers who exposed the political corruption in many American cities
Lincoln Steffens
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Leading muckraking journalist whose articles documented the standard Oil Company's abuse of power
Ida Tarbell
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Progressive law aimed at curbing practices like those exposed in Upton Sinclair's The Jungle
Seventeeth Amendment
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The most influential of the state-level progressive governors and a presidential aspirant in 1912
Robert La Follette
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Case that upheld protective legislation on the grounds of women's supposed physical weakness
Muller v. Oregon
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Politically inept inhibitor of the Roosevelt legacy who ended up allied with the reactionary Republican "Old Guard"
William Howard Taft
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Supreme court ruling that overturned a progressive law mandating a ten-hour workday
Lochner v. New York
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Proconservation federal official whose dismissal by Taft angered Roosevelt progressives
Gifford Pinchot
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Wilson's political philosophy of restoring democracy through trust-busting and economic competition
New Freedom
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New presidentially appointed regulatory commission designed to prevent monopoly and guard against unethical trade practices
Federal Trade Commission
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Term for the three Latin American nations whose mediation prevented war between the United States and Mexico in 1914
ABC Powers
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World War I alliance headed by Germany and Austria-Hungary
Central Powers
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The coalition of powers-led by Britain, France, and Russia-that opposed Germany and its partners in World War I
Allies
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Southern-born intellectual who pursued strong moral goals in politics and the presidency
Woodrow Wilson
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Mexican revolutionary whose bloody regime Wilson refused to recognize and nearly ended up fighting
General Huerta
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Second revoltuionary Mexican president, who took aid from the United States but strongly resisted American military intervention in his country
Venustiano Carranzo
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Mexican revolutionary whose assaults on American citizens and territory provoked a U.S. expedition into Mexico
Pancho Villa
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Commander of the American military expedition into Mexico in 1916-1917
John Pershing
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Autocratic ruler who symbolized ruthlessness and arrogance to many pro-Allied Americans
Kaiser Wilhelm II
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Narrowly unsuccessful presidential candidate who tried to straddle both sides of the fence regarding American policy toward Germany
Charles Evans Hughes
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