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What was the Catholic Church benifitting from?
European Prospersity.
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What did Pope Leo X raise?
Money authorizing sales of indulgence
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What is indulgence?
- anything not Christian
- (sins)
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Who was Martin Luther?
German monk who challenged the pope on indulgences
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Salvation can be done on what?
Faith alone
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What did John Calvin believe in?
- Salvation is God’s gift
- predestined
- Christian congregations should be
- self-governing
- Stress simplicity in life and worship
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What is protestation reformation?
- Germans
- who
- dis-liked Italian-dominated Catholic
- Church
- Peasants and urban workers
-
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What was traditional thinking?
Folk traditions
Judeo-Christian beliefs
- Natural events caused by supernatural
- causes
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Scientific revolution?
- •European
- intellectuals derived understanding from Greek and Romans
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Does the Church aprove of this theory?
No. But print beats religion.
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Isaac Newton
- Laws of Gravity.
- Religious, but scientist.
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Enlightenment?
- Good time period.
- •Opposition
- of this period
- –“Dictators”
- –Clergymen
- –“Absolutist”
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What is Enlightenment?
- Intellectual movement that will influence
- social behavior and institutions that will be governed (controlled) by
- scientific laws. Printing press helped spread it
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Joint– Stock companies?
- Merchants and Government forming a
- partnership to become more profitable
- Emergence of stock exchange will occur
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Impact of joint - stock?
- Trade and international affairs
- Anglo-Dutch wars of the 17th century
- The Navy battles w/ England
- 1-1-1
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How was land important?
- Bourgeois class will gain more land.
- Land is power, so people will marry into noble familes to gain power.
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High consumption of wood
- Deforestation
- Cooking, ships, home, industry, heating,
- Navy, etc
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How was women's status gained?
Through their hudsband.
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When did upper class marry?
Late, because of education.
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What is the bourgieos class?
- Emphasized schools
- Choose a profession or trade
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Who is Charles of Burgundy?
- The Ottomans at Vienna in 1529
- But unable to unify all his territories
- Also,known as Charles I of Spain
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Germany rebels against Charles, why?
Catholic and spoke Italian
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How was the power split after this?
- Spain will go to Philip (his son)
- Weakened Holy Roman Empire will go to
- Ferdinand (his brother)
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Who are friends?
England, France, and Spain
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What happened when England became a power?
- Collecting
- taxes directly
- Created
- a central bank
- 1650
- used naval power to break down the Dutch
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How were the French's taxes?
Streamlined taxes.
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What is the Columbian exchange?
The exchange of animals, peoples, and plants from new and Old World
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What is the impact of the new people?
- Europeans
- and African slaves devastated indigenous populations
- Resistance
- to disease, settlements, and technology
- weakens “American resistance”
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What disease spread to the new world?
Syphilis and maybe yellow fever?
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•List two positives and negatives of the exchange
Lots of disease was spread, but so was culture and other plants, animals and such.
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What is the council of indies in Spain?
- THINK CANADA, AND THE MOTHER COUNTRY.
- If a little town wanted to do something, they had to ask their leader, if their leader couldn't give an answer, they'd have to go to the Council of Indies, if the Council of Indies couldn't get an answer, they'd have to go all the way back to Spain.
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What was wrong with the Council of Indies?
It took way too long to get problems fixed if it had to go all the way to Spain.
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What was the govermnemt structure?
- Highly developed – Must be from Spain =
- at first Bureaucracies
- No political experimentation
- Slow local economies
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What was the church like?
- Transferring the European language
- Culture will spread
- Christian beliefs – convert
- Dual belief system would occur
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How did the Church have problems?
- Blending the relegion of the new people, and the olds...didn't go over so well.
- New people will win tho.
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Colonial Economies?
- Latin
- America
- silver mines in Peru/Mexico
- Sugar plantations in Brazil
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What will dependency of Spain's economics cause?
deforestation and mercury poisoning
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Where were Amerindians forced to work?
Textiles, food supply, mining
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Upper Social class?
- Great Noble families did not come to Americas
- Lesser nobles
- Merchants
- Artisans/miners/lawyers
- Priests
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Middle class?
- Creole
- -White born in Americas
- -Mixed Ancestry
- Mulattos
- -Europeans and African descent
- Mestizos
- -Mixed offspring from Creole or European
- fathers
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What are Castas?
- Spanish America called are mixed relations
- Higher status then indigenous people
- Followed Catholicism
- Dress/Diet/actions were “European”
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How were the Ranchers?
large farms, wage earning, controlled mining areas
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Why did Bosman maintain that the Dutch slave ships were so much cleaner than those
of other European states?
So they could sell their slaves for more moniez.
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English and French settlements?
- Newfoundland
- and Roanoke Island (pre 1600)
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Why did they fail?
- poor leadership
- undersupplied
- timing
- Amerindians
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Why were slaves branded?
To show ownership and who were the slaves.
-
Royal African Company (RAC)?
- association of English investors
- –1672,
- received a charter from English monarchy
- Rights to trade Atlantic coast of Africa
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What was the new important cash crop?
Tobacco.
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Who was the worlds biggest sugar producer in 1600?
Brazil, and the Dutch invested in them.
-
Who did the Dutch fight for Independence?
Spain
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Who was cheeper...Indentured Servants or slaves?
Slaves.
-
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Why did Sugar prices rise?
To buy more slaves.
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What does England discover?
JAMAICA.
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What does French take half of?
HISPANOLA.
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What were tools for sugar?
- –Spade for planting
- –Hoes for weeds
- –Machete to harvest
- –Crushing and processing equipment
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Why were plantations damaging to the enviorment?
- –Soil exhaustion
- –Deforestation
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Why were the animals dying?
–Crowded out indigenous species
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Who were the Great Gang?
- –Strongest slaves
- –Heaviest work
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What the Grass Gang?
- –Children with adult supervision
- –Weeding, and collecting grass
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What did the women do?
- –Field workers
- –Nursing mothers took babies to the field
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–Grands Blancs/“Great Whites”
•Dominatedthe economy and society
-
–Petits Blancs/“Little Whites”
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–Free Blacks
•Some even owned their own slaves
-
What was the social class?
- Grande Blancs
- Petits Blancs
- Free blacks
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