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What is Hypoxia?
A lack of sufficient oxygen to meet the needs of the body tissues, enough to cause impairment of function.
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Name types of Hypoxia.
- -Hypoxic
- -Hypemic Hypoxia
- -Stagnate
- -Histotoxic
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Name stages of Hypoxia, their altitudes, and symptoms.
- -Indifferent (zone of adaptability), 0-10,000ft, no real impairment
- -Compensatory, 10,000-15,000ft, impairment after some time: short term memory lapses, judgement lapses
- -Disturbance, 15,000-20,000ft, body has no protection against hypoxia, normal symptoms begin
- -Critical, 20,000ft-up, rapid decrease in capabilites
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Name signs & symptoms of Hypoxia.
- External Sym: reasoning difficulties, headache, poor motor coordination, cyanosis, increased perspiration, increases rate & depth of respiration
- Internal Sym: vision impairment, euphoria, hot-cold flashes
- Every person has their own symptoms.
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Cause & treatment of Hypoxic Hypoxia.
- Caused by lack of partial pressure of O2, in order to transfer to the tissues; considered a disruption of the O2 alveolar exchange. (altitude, vacuums, etc.)
- Treatment- reduce altitude, supplemental oxygen
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Cause & treatment of Hypemic Hypoxia.
- Oxygen deficiency due to the reduction of the oxygen caring capcity of blood; common causes are carbon monoxide (binds with Iron in hemoglobin 255 times stronger than O2).
- Treatment- remove contamination & exposure to O2
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Cause & treatment of Stagnant Hypoxia.
Blood pools and/or is unable to move. Body parts falling sleep, G-lock, and heart failure.
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Cause & treatment of Histotoxic Hypoxia.
Tissues are unable to use O2 (alcohol, cyanide).
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2 ways O2 systems are stored.
- High pressure bottles marked green (1800 to 2200psi) or low pressure (400-450psi).
- Chemical
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List types of O2 systems & usable altitudes.
- Continuous Flow- below 18,000 up to 28,000ft.
- Dilutor Demand- up to 40,000ft.
- Pressure Demand- 40,000- 50,000ft.
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Describe Continuous Flow O2 system.
- Most basic, uses ambient air pressure & increases the percent of O2 person receives.
- Types: nasal cannula, basic masks, airline "pig snouts"
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Describe Dilutor Demand O2 system.
Sealed mask that increases amount of O2 mixed with cabin air until its giving 100% O2. Will only provide air when wearer inhales, flow stops when exhaling.
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Describe Pressure Demand O2 system.
Simialr to diluter demand, this system increases the pressure of the air given as it climbs as well as the oxygen.
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Altitude at which full protection from hypoxia at 100% O2.
37,000ft
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Altitude at which 100% O2 will be at partial pressure of 10,000ft.
40,000ft
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Maximum safe amount of pressure you can add to O2.
40mm, above this alveoli in lungs may pop. 60mm can be deadly.
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What is hyperventilation?
- Breathing at a rate that is greater than required for current activity level. Normal trigger for inspiration if CO2 level.
- Sym: lightheadedness, nausea, coolness, muscle spasms
- Treatments: consciously control breathing, talk loudly, re-breathing
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At night, what is affected and O2 should be used at what altitude?
Vision. 5,000ft.
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What is Boyles Law?
If you keep temperature constant, volume will be inversely proportional to pressure: p1/p2 = v2/v1
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What is Dalton's Law?
The total pressure of a mixture of gases is the sum of all of the partial pressures of gases.... Pt= Po2+ Pn2 + Pco2+ .... (this is how hypoxic hypoxia occurs, there isn't enough pressure).
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