Pharmacology

Whaty type of effects make type B reactions?

If a drug produces its usual effect at an unexpectedly high dose, the pt is said to be what?

If a drug produces its usual effect at an unexpectedly low dose, the pt is said to be what?

What are 2 idiosyncratic types?

idiosyncratic responses are most often related to What?

among the CYP450 enzymes, which has been studied the most extensively?

pts who lack CYP2D6 will exhibit ______ metabolism of certain drugs, pts who have normal enzyme activity will exhibit _______ metabolism, pts with markedly enhanced enzyme activity will exhibit __________ metabolism

If the consequence is reduced metabolism it leads to what? If the consequence is accelerated metabolism it results in what?

a substance recognized as 'foreign' to host antibodies

When are drugs immunogenic (antigenic)?

a substance (drug) of lower molecular weight than an antigen

What is an example of a hapten? And what does it bind to before id can induce antibody synthesis?

true or false. the production of antigens occurs in genetically predisposed individuals, is not related to the dose administered, and is unpredictable.
True False

the first time a predisposed individual is exposed to an allergenic chemical and plasma cells form antibodies to destroy the antigen

drug allergies are seen twice as frequently in men or women?

What are the 4 main types of antigen/antibody hypersensitivity reactions?

Exposure to an allergen results in antigen-specific antibody production dominated by what isotype?

IgE antibodies bind to specific sites on what 3 areas?

allergic reaction that includes; antigens binding to IgE molecules degranulating mast cells and basophils resulting in inflammatory response, bronchoconstriction from histamine release, dilation of arterioles, escape of plasma proteins and fluid leading to edema,mucous secretion and impaired mucous clearance

What is the most dangerous form of hypersensitivity reaction and includes anaphylactic shock?

The IgE molecules are related to what type of reaction?

allergic reaction that involves IgG antibodies involved in basic cytotoxic immun reaction; antibodies bind to antigen coated host cells, lyse the cell induced by active by-products; K-cells can also cause lysis of effected cells

What is a practical example of a type II (cytotoxic) hypersensitivity reaction?

______ antibodies also mediate immune-complex reactions and result in the formation of large, insoluble antigen-antibody complexes

immune complexes mediated by IgG antibodies adhere to target tissues and initiate intense complement activation; resulting in leukocytes and platelets migrating to affected tissue to form thrombi producing localized or systemic complications

What is an example of a type III (immune-complex) hypersensitivity reaction?

What type of reactions are closely related to cellular immunity in the specifically sensitized CD4+ T-lymphocytes intitiate the reaction?

Is cellular immunity associated with T or B lymphociyte immune responses?

Are type IV (delayed) hypersensitivity reactions life threatening?

What are 3 examples of type IV (delayed) hypersensitivity reactions?

reactions that cannot be explained on an imunologic basis; ADEs occur in pts with no prior exposrue to the drug; possible mechanisms may include direct activation of mast cells through non-IgE receptor pathways releasing histamine

What are 4 types of drugs that are said to be involved in a pseudoallergic type of reaction?

what is a critical time period for introduction of drug or metabolite concentrations in the fetus?

What drug caused teratogenic malformations including depression of limb formation (phocomelia)?

What drugs are placed in pregnancy category X?

oncogenic effect that can be produced by certain procarcinogenic drugs, which are converted into carcinogens by polymorphic oxidation reactions, covalent binding of these oxidized metabolites to DNA leads to mutagenic and carcinogenic effects

oncogenic effects associated with therapeutic immunosuppression, such as drug induced immunosuppression to prevent regection of an organ following organ transplant; leading to reactivation of latent infection with oncogenic viruses; hep viruses, CMV, HSV, HPV, and EBV

Clinical manifestations of adverse drug effects may reflect ________ or ________ adverse effects

effects associated with _______ reactions are those dose-dependant effects that are not desired for the given therapeutic use of a drug. These adverse effects account for most of the ADEs and may be exaggerations of direct effects or multiple concurrent 'side effects.

effects that are either primary or secondary but they may or may not be dose dependant.

true or false. The management of oral ulceration is the same whether it is a type A or type B reaction
True False

true or false. Signs and symptoms of type-A reactions can develop in some clients with the normal dose of a drug, or they can result from excessive doses
True False

What are the two main types of cytotoxic effects in clinical manifestations of type-A reactions?

drug-induced liver injury is a potential complication of nearly every medication that is prescribed. What is one of the most common drugs associated with hepatotoxicity?

What is an excessive dose of APAP resulting in toxicity?

If someone had the following symptoms, what would you suspect?
nausea, vomiting, anorexia, abdominal pain, elevated bilirubin causing jaundice

excessive amounts of acetominophen causes hepatic cell function; what substance accelerates this process?

a realtively uncommon toxic reation to some local anesthetics, including, prilocaine, articaine, and benzocaine; metabolites of these drugs bind with hemoglobin and interfere with its oxygen carrying ability

If a pt presented with the following symptoms, what would you suspect?
cyanosis in the absence of cardiopulmonary symptoms, nausea, sedation, seizures, and coma

When ulceration of oral mucosa membranes occurs during cancer chemotherapy

What condition appears clinically as erythematous or generalized ulcerative lesions in the oral environment?

What are 3 palliative management strategies used in patients with pain associated with cytotoxic ADEs?

What mouth rinse ins contraindicated for pts experiencing pain from cytotoxic ADEs?

What type of ADEs are among the most common listed in drug reference texts?

What is the purpose of nausea? What is the purpose of vomitting?

What type of drugs can affect emesis, depending on their affinity for opioid-receptor subtypes in the brain?

the passage of excessively dry stool, infrequent stool, or stool of insufficient size involving the subjective sensations of incomplete emptying of the rectom, bloating, passaage of flatus, lower abdominal discomfort, anorexia, malaise, headache, weakness, and giddiness

What affect can the following drugs have?
anticholinergic drugs
antiparkinsonian drugs with antocholinergic properties
antihistamines
neuroleptics
antidepressants
anticonvulsants
opioid analgesics
antacids

passage of liquefied stool with increased frequency; can be due to lactose intolerance, inflammatory bowel disease, malabsorption syndromes, endocrine disorders, and irritable bowel syndrome

What 3 factors are the usual causes of acute diarrhea?

What is a helpful appointment management to help with pts experiencing GI disturbances?

characterized by frequent urination, and is often caused by diuretics

drugs that can cause urinary incontinence cause it as a result of overflow stemming from urinary retention, what are 2 types of drugs that act in this manner?

What is a frequent consequence of treatment with antihypertensive agents, beta-adrenergic antagonists, cardiac glycosides, benzodiazepines, barbiturates, levodopa, indomethacin, phenothiazines, and steroids? Delirium can also be attributed to drug therapy

What is a helpful mangement tip for the treatment of pts with depression?

occurs when there is a drop in the blood pressure after the pt arises from a prone position, putting them at risk for loss of consciousness

antihypertensive agents, antidepressants, drugs for erectile dysfunction and other psychotropic agents, alcohol, and levodopa are all drugs that have been known to produce what?

What are 2 drugs known to cause an increase in blood pressure?

What is a drug that is used to treate congestive heart failure, but is also associated with causing cardiac arrhythmias?

The cardiac effect cuased by macrolilde antibiotics used in combination with drugs that cause CYP34A isoenzyme inhibition can cause what?

What is the best way to manage a pt with cardiovascular dysfunction as a side effect of drugs such as hypotension or high BP?

What are 7 drugs that frequently implicate falls and equilibrium problems?

qualitative (mucoid not watery) and quantitative (reduced secretion) changes in saliva lead to a variety of oral problems, some of which can include reduced lubrication; reduced antibacterial, antiviral, and antifuncal activity; loss of mucosal integrity; loss of buffering capacity; reduced lavage and cleasing of oral tissues; interference with normal remineralization of teeth; and altered digestion, taste, and speech

These major drug classes can all cause what?
anticholinergic agents, antidepressants, antihypertensive agents, antipsychotics, diuretics, antihitamines, central nervous system stimulants, systemic bronchodilators, and a small number of chancer chemotherapeutic agents

What are some good ways to help pts with xerostomia?

antithrombolytic agents such as ______ and __________, alter the ability of platelets to stick or clump together to form a clot; which can increase the bleeding time and lead to increased intraoperative bleeding in association with invasive procedures

What drug reduces intravascular clot formation by inhibiting the formation of vitamin - K dependent clotting factors, primarily factor VII?

What anticoagulant drug interferes with the formation of factors II and X?

What is the most common side effect of both heparin and warfarin?

When drugs that affect clotting factors are reported, what should be requested?

What is an acceptable INR level for periodontal procedures that are likely to involve increased bleeding in pts taking an anticoagulant?

If a pt complains of diarrhea with lower abdominal cramping and is currently taking or has recently taken an antibacterial agent, the clinician must consider tha possibility of what?

What is the most dangerous form of bacterial superinfection?

What are the 2 most antibiotics that most commonly cause pseudomembranous colitis?

What are the most common signs of bacterial infections?

Antibacterial chemotherapy and therapeutic immunosupreesion including inhaled corticosteroids, often lead to opportunistic infection with __________ and other fungal organisms

What may appear as white, raised, or cottage cheese like growth that can be removed with gauze, leaving a red, sometimes hemorrhagic mucosal area?

true or false. If oral candidiasis is not treated it can spread and eventually affect all organ systems
True False

How can you manage a pt with oral candidiasis?

true or false. Immunosuppression drug therapy can exacerbate latent viral activity
True False

What type of virus manifests itself in pts undergoing therapeutic immunosuppression, and may be observed on the lips and intraorally on all tissues?

what type of viral infection is a painful, unilateral vesiculation that may follow the distribution of a branch of the trigeminal nerve; lesions coalesce into large ulcerations and may linger for weeks before remission occurs?

What type of bacterial infection has been associated with a wide range of syndromes in solid organ transplant recipients; in the oral cavity has been casually related to leukoplakia, found on the lateral borders of the tonge in pts with therapeutic immunosuppression

What is an antiviral drug that the dentist or physician may prescribe for pts with oral viral infections?

gingival hyperplasia is seen often in patients taking what 3 different medications?

________ may be secondary to drug induced mucositis; during therapeutic immunosuppression, actue exacerbations of chronic periodontal or apical infections can also precipitate _______

pain or paresthesia may be associated with the administration of what cytotixic chemotherapeutic agents? 2

an example of an ADE produced by certanpsychotropic (antipsychotic) drugs; cahracterized by uncontrolled, repetetive movement of the lips, tongue, and mouth

taste disturbances caused by many angiotension converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors; metronidazole, benzodiazepines, chlorhexidine mouth rinse, gold salts, and lithium

true or false. nutrtional deficiency can delay the healing response
True False