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clinical pathology
the use of lab tests to evaluate the health of a patient
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accuracy
how closely your results agree with the true quantitative value of the constituent
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precision
the magnitude of random errors and the reproductivity of measurements
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reliability
the ability of a method to be both accurate and precise
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heparin, EDTA and sodium floride
anticoagulants
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Lipemia
excessive fat in blood, will make the fluid portion of blood look cloudy or milky
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hematology
the study of blood and the blood forming tissues
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5mls or 1ml/4lbs
how much blood to collect
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animal or owners name
species and breed
age and sex
date collected
how collected (under stress, anesthetic)
id of blood samples
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skipocyte
a cell you can't identify, should be 1/100
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smudge cell
created by the mechanical spreading of blood during the creation of the slide.
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ammonium oxalate or acetic acid
diluting fluid that lyses RBC's in unopette
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10,000/ul
normal WBC count
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average of two sides + 10% x 100 = mm3
hemocytomer WBC formula
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total WBC x 100/ 100 + %NRBC's
if more than 5 NRBC's use correction formula...
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leukocytosis
an increased number of WBC
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leukopenia
a decreased number of WBC
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leukemia
neoplastic cells in the blood or bone marrow
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neutrophilia
an increase in the number of neutrophils
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neutropenia
a decreased number of neutrophils
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lymphocytosis
increase in the number of lymphocytes
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monocytosis
increase in the number of monocytes
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eosinophilia
increase in the number of eosinophils, heartworm or vaccinations could be the cause
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eosinopenia
a decrease in the number of eosinophils
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basophilia
an increase in the number of basophils
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increase in # of band cells in peripheral blood
shift to the left
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increase in bands and leukocytosis
regenerative
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increase in bands and leukopenia, hard to diagnose because total WBC count appears normal
degenerative
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erythrocytes
transport and protect hemoglobin, the oxygen carrying pigment
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erythron
total mass of circulating RBC's and erythopoietic tissue of bone marrow.
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erythrocyte
red blood cell that is produced and becomes mature in the bone marrow
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polycythemia
an increase in production of RBC's
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anemia
a condition in which there is a reduced number of circulatin RBC's, reduced PVC or a reduced concentraion of hemoglobin
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normocytic
RBC's of normal size, normal size of a canine RBC is 7 microns.
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macrocytic
RBC's that are larger than normal
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microcytic
RBC's smaller than normal
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normochromatic
normal hemoglobin concentration
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hypochromatic
low concentration of hemoglobin (reticulocytes)
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% of whole blood
Packed Cell Volume
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5 min at 10-13,000 RPM
centrifuge time and speed
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NRBC's, WBC's and platelets
buffy coat
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icteric
yellow plasma, usually liver problems
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40-45% and 37-40%
normal PCV for dog and cat
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hemoconcentration - increased PCV
a sign of dehydration
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hemodilution - causes a decreased PVC
excessive IV fluids
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12-15 g/dl
hemoglobin (Hg or Hb) normal value
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PCV/3 = g/dl
hemoglobin rough estimate
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PCV/6 =
RBC rough estimate
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PCV x 10/RBC Count = fl
MCV, Mean Corpuscular Volume
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Hb x 10/RBC
MCH, Mean Corpuscular Hemoglobin
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Hb x 100/PCV
MCHC, Mean Corpuscular Hemoglobin Concentration
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rouleaux
RBC's stacked coin clump, common in horses
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anisocytosis
a variation in the size of RBC's. could be regenerative or iron deficiency anemia
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poikilocytosis
RBC with abnormal shape
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acanthocytes, spur, burr cells
irregular projectons from the surface, regularly spaced rounded projections. Kidney and liver disease
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echinocytes, creanated
blunt projections evenly distributed, slow drying of the smear. renal disease, lymphosarcoma, snakebites, exercise in horses
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spherocytes
dense spherical canine erythrocytes that appear to be smaller than normal RBC's
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leptocytes
thin RBC with increased membrane and decreased amount of volume, target cell and folded cell.
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target cell, codocyte
contain a central, round portion of hemoglobin inside the area of central parlor
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schistocyte, helmet cells
fragmented RBC's caused by mechanical damage
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normochromic
a mature cell that stains pink in color with an area of central parlor
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polychromasia
cells that have a bluish tint
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hypochromic
lack of or decrease in staining intensity, due to decrease hemoglobin.
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reticulocytes
young, large RBC that contains blue reticulum
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basophilic stippling, punctate basophilia
contain abnormal aggregation of RNA. Lead poisoning and non regenerative anemias
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howel jolly bodies
round nuclear remnants observed in young erythrocytes (dots). splenic diseases and regenerative anemias
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nucleated RBC, metarubricytes
has a large nucleus, poisonings and anemias
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heinz bodies
refractile inclusions of denatured hemoglobin protein, cats 2-3%, bumps.
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hemolytic anemia
ruptured or destroyed RBC's. blood parasites, some bacterias and viruses, self allergy (autoimmune disease)
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hemostasis
the body process that halts hemorrhage
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vascular factors, thromobocytes, clotting mechanisms (fibrin clot)
three factors of hemostasis
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hemostatic plug
role of a platelet to form a plug and they stick to an injured cell wall.
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clot retraction
whole blood clots and after time the clot decreases and the serum is released
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fibrinolysis
breakdown of fibrin clot or clotting process
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2-10 minutes
normal coagulation time
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less than 1%
normal basophils
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