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Skull
provides a surface of attachment for the muscles that help with chewing and facial expressions
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Cranial bones of the skull are connected by immovable joints called
sutures or "cracks" in the skull
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The junction of the coronal and sgittal sutures in the skull
bregma
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Atlas in neck
the 1st vertebra articulates occiptal chndyles to support and balance the head
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The 2nd vertebra in the neck. Allows the head to pivot and the head is turned from side to side
Axis of the neck
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Each of the vertebreas has a long "extension" spinous process. This serves as a landmark during physical assessments
vertebra prominens
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Sternocleidomastoid Muscle in neck allows
the head to bend, rotate, flex, extend
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anterior triangle in neck
formed by mandible, trachea and sternocleidomastoid.
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Posterior triangle in neck
sternocleidomastoid, trazpezius and clavical
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Trapezii muscle in neck allows
shoulders and scapula to move up and down
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Thyroid
butterflyshaped, secretes T4 & T3, regulates cellular metabolism. Made of 2 lobes connected in the middle by an isthmus.
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Lymph node function
filter and sequester pathogens and other harmful substances
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Preauricular
postauricular
occipital
submandibular
submental
tonsillar
anterior cervical chain
posterior cervical chain
supraclavicular
- Preauricular: face, auditory canal
- postauricular: scalp, auditory canal
- occipital: scalp
- submandibular: face, oral cavity
- submental: lower face, front of mouth
- tonsillar: tonsils, pharynx
- anterior cervial chain: scalp, throat, face
- posterior cervical chain: back of scalp, ear, skin on back of neck
- supraclavicular: abdomen, thorax, arm, breast
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Risk factors for Migraine headaches
raynauds syndrome, hx of motion sickness in childhood, estrogen supplementation, tyramine, MSG, sulfites, nitrate consumption, sleep problems, birthcontrol
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Enlargement of the head with out enlargement of the facial structures
Hydrocephalus
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abnormal enlargement of skull, wider nose, gapped teeth, large lips
acromegaly
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craniotabes
softening of skull
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wide distance between the eyes, congenital anomaly
hypertelorism
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Craniosynostosis
abnormal shape of the skull. Caused by premature closure of one or more sutures of the skull befor brain growth is complete
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Collagen disease of the skin as well as visceral organs
Scleroderma
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face is thin with sharply defined features and prominent eyes. As in Graves Disease. Big Bulging eyes. Due to increased circulating levels of T3 and T4
Exophthalmos
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Hypothyroidism
round, swollen face with periorbital edema. Dry and dull skin
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Cachexia
state of wasting away of vital tissues. Associated with cancer, malnutrition adn severe chronic illnesses
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Allergic facies or Allergic gap
chronic allergies cause dark circles under the eyes "shiners" and a open mouth due to mouth breathing
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Nasal Salute
crease across the nose
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Cushings Syndrome
due to prolong steroid ingestion or increased production of ACTH or adrenocorticotropic hormone. "moon face" with red cheeks and excess hair on the jaw and upper lip
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Torticollis
individuals neck is not even. There is a deviation favoring one side over the other
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Thyroid Goiters
visible enlarged thyroid
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hyperthyroidism
Graves Disease "bulging eyes"
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Enlarged postauricular: ear infection, Enlarged anterior and posterior cervical chain: seen in mononucleosis. anterior cervical nodes: streptococcal pharyngitis enlarged lymph node in supraclavicular area: (Virchows node): malignancy in abdominal or thoracic area
cervical lymph nodes are easily palapable in Hodgkins disease, AIDS, TB, chronic illnesses, blood transfusions
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