Substances that can dissociate in solution to form charged particles; Cations and Anions
Electrolytes
ECF is divided into 3 different compartments
1. Plasma
2. interstitial
3. transcellular
When transcellular compartment enlarges this is called ___ and occurs in the peritoneal, pleural, and pericardial cavities
third spacing
the transfer of water between vascular and interstitial compartments occurs at this level and is controlled by these 4 forces and through these channels
Capillary
1. Capillary filtration
2. Capillary Colloidal Osmotic pressure
3. interstitial hydrostatic pressure
4. Tissue colloidal osmotic pressure
Lymph
Palpable swelling produced by expansion of the interstitial fluid volume
edema
Changes in ______result in changes in water volume
sodium
Who has a higher total body water?
B. Infants, followed by men, women and obese
You gain water mostly through
A. oral intake
B. metabolic processes
Oral Intake
Water is lost primarily through _____
the kidneys
minimum urine output to eliminate metabolic waste is approx. __________
300-500 ml/day
The kidneys promote_______when overloaded and _________water when ECF volume is decreased.
diuresis and conserve
Water is reabsorbed by the _____and ______, but 150-200 ml is eliminated in the _____.
ileum and colon; feces
These can disrupt absorption by removing large amounts of water from GI tract
diarrhea, drainage tubes, fistulas, GI suction
Loss of skin integrity increases _______losses, called insensible losses.
evaporative
Most abundant cation in the body, helps regulate the acid-base balance, aids in nervous system and regulates ECF volume
Sodium
This organ largely regulates Na + output.
Kidney
_______ regulates water intakes, while _____regulates water intake.
Thirst, and Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH)
This is activated through
1. Cellular dehydration
2. Decreased blood volume
3. Angiotensin II increased due to low BP and blood volume
Thirst
Decrease in the ability to sense thirst, caused by cerebral lesion in hypothalmus
hypodipsia
________or excessive thirst can be caused by true thirst due to ______, vomiting, or diabetes or false thirst due to _____and CHF also compulsive in schizophrenics
Polydipsia, diarrhea, and renal failure.
reabsorption of water by kidneys is regulated by ____
ADH or vasopressin
a defect in synthesis of this hormone caused by head injury or a defect in kidney response can lead to diabetes insipidus, and a loss of water
Antidiuretic Hormone
WIth an inappropriate secretion of ADH, urine output, Na+, BUN, Hct, and serum osmolarity all ________
decrease, because too much water is being retained.
this results when there are proportional losses of sodium and water. there is a fluid volume deficit, yet lab values look normal>>dehydration occurs
hypovolemia
Kidney is the major route for this electrolytes elimination, it is filtered in the glomerulous, the hormone aldosterone is important in its regulation
K+
_______is critical for acid-base balance, concentrating urine, growth, muscle contraction
K+
99% stored in bone
Calcium
_____is absorbed in intestines with help of vitamin D, stored in bone, and excreted by kidneys. Sources are milk and milk products
Calcium
regulates blood levels of calcium and phosphate
Parathyroid hormone
_______get from diet, absorbed in intestines, excreted by kidneys. In green veg. grains, nuts meats, seafood, groundwater.
magnesium
H2CO3 leaves the body through the______
lungs
_____ is excreted by kidneys and buffered
HCO3-
lactic acid is the result of incomplete oxidation of ______
ketoacid is the result of incomplete oxidation of _____
glucose, fats
these are immediately available to combine with excess acids or bases while awaiting respiratory and renal mechanisms
Buffers
three kinds of buffers
1.) Proteins-albumin and plasma globulins
2.) Bicarbonate
3.) Plasma K+/H+ exchange
Arterial Blood Gas Level
pH
7.35-7.45
Arterial Blood Gas Level
PaCO2
35-45 mmHg
Arterial Blood Gas Level
HCO-3
22-26 mEq/L
Arterial Blood Gas Level
PaO2
80-100 mmHg
Arterial Blood Gas Level
O2 saturation
95%-100%
Base excess/deficit
-3 to +3 mEq/L
Anion gap
8-12 mEq/L
HCO3-
20-29 mEq/L
the amount of acid or base needed to achieve a pH of 7.4
base excess/deficit
the difference between plasma concentration of Na+ and Cl- and HCO3-
anion gap
acidosis
pH less than 7.35
alkalosis
pH greater than 7.45
a low pH caused by a decrease in HCO3-
metabolic acidosis
increased pH caused by increased HCO3-
metabolic alkalosis
a___in pH caused by decreased ventilation and a ___in PCO2 causes
respiratory acidosis
an ___pH caused by increased ventilation and ___PCO2 results in